RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 A Novel Multimodal Postoperative Pain Protocol for 1- to 2-Level Open Lumbar Fusions: A Retrospective Cohort Study
JF International Journal of Spine Surgery
JO Int J Spine Surg
FD International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery
SP 828
OP 834
DO 10.14444/8484
VO 17
IS 6
A1 Markowitz, Michael
A1 Woods, Barrett
A1 Schroeder, Gregory
A1 Kepler, Christopher
A1 Kaye, David
A1 Kurd, Mark
A1 Armstrong, Joshua
A1 Vaccaro, Alexander
A1 Radcliff, Kris
YR 2023
UL https://www.ijssurgery.com/content/17/6/828.abstract
AB Background There has been increased interest in exploring methods to reduce postoperative pain without opioid medications. In 2015, a multimodal analgesia protocol was used involving the perioperative use of celecoxib, gabapentin, intravenous acetaminophen, lidocaine, and liposomal bupivacaine. Overall, the goal was to reduce the utilization of scheduled opioids in favor of nonopioid pain management.Methods The results of a consecutive series of 1- to 2-level open primary lumbar fusions were compared to a cohort of patients after the implementation the perioperative multimodal pain management protocol. Primary endpoints included patient-reported pain scores and secondary endpoints included length of stay.Results There were 87 patients in the preprotocol cohort and 184 in the protocol cohort. Comparing protocol and preprotocol patients, there were no significant differences in patient demographics. There was significantly average lower pain in the protocol group on postoperative day (POD) 1 (4.50 vs 5.00, P < 0.02) and POD2 (4.42 vs 5.50, P < 0.03). There was a lower pain score on POD0 (4.80 vs 5.00), but it was only clinically significant. There was a correlation between pain and duration of surgery in the preprotocol patients (POD0 R = 0.23, POD1 R = 0.02, POD2 R = 0.38), but not in the protocol patients (POD0 R = −0.05, POD1 R = −0.08, POD2 R = −0.04). There was a shorter length of stay in the protocol cohort (2.0 vs 3.0, P < 0.01). Finally, there was an approximately 35% reduction in morphine milligram equivalents of opioids in the protocol vs preprotocol cohorts (36.2 vs 57.0, P < 0.05).Conclusion Our novel multimodal pain management protocol significantly reduced postoperative pain, length of stay, and opioid consumption in this patient cohort. Opioid usage correlated to pain in the protocol patients, while the preprotocol patients had no correlation between opioid use and pain medication.Clinical Relevance In this study, we demonstrated that preoperative and intraoperative analgesia can reduce postoperative pain medication requirements. Furthermore, we introduced a novel concept of a correlation of pain with opioid consumption as a marker of effective pain management of breakthrough pain.Level of Evidence 4.