Patients’ characteristics and surgical details.
| Characteristics and Surgical Details | N = 36 |
| Gender, female patients, n (%) | 29 (81%) |
| Age at surgery, y, mean (SD) | 61.5 y(8.7) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 27.7 (5.6) |
| LOS, d, mean (SD) | 7.8 (4.2) |
| Smoking status, active smokers, n (%) | 6 (17%) |
| History of previous spine surgery, n (%) | 28 (78%) |
| Staged spine procedure, n (%) | 9 (25%) |
| Collective EBLa, mL, mean (SD) | 1406.4 (720.4) |
| Return to OR, n (%) | 9 (25%) |
| LT-P fusions, n (%) | 25 (69%) |
| UT-P fusions, n (%) | 11 (31%) |
| Combined anterior and posterior spine procedures, n (%) | 32 (89%) |
| Use of hooks, n (%) | 24 (67%) |
| Smith–Peterson osteotomies, n (%) | 32 (89%) |
| Use of HLCs, n (%) | 30 (83%) |
| Vertebroplasty, n (%) | 4 (11%) |
aCollective EBL refers to the sum of EBL after spine procedures either staged (anterior and posterior surgeries) or EBL of 1-stage spine surgery.
BMI, body mass index; EBL, estimated blood loss; LOS, length of stay; LT-P, lower thoracic to pelvis fusion cases; OR, operating room; SD, standard deviation; UT-P, upper thoracic to pelvis fusion cases.