Patient characteristics and conservative management.
| Demographics | N = 173 |
| Age at the time of surgery, y | |
| Mean | 46.6 ± 14.1 |
| Range | 17–83 |
| Gender, female, n (%) | 134 (77%) |
| Mechanism of injury, n (%) | |
| Chronic/spontaneous pain (unknown) | 73 (42.2%) |
| Fall/motor vehicle crash/other accident | 71 (41%) |
| Previous back surgery | 3 (1.7%) |
| Vaginal delivery | 12 (6.9%) |
| Sports | 4 (2.3%) |
| Rapid weight loss | 3 (1.7%) |
| Other (eg, osteophyte on coccyx, achondroplasia, spina bifida occulta) | 7 (4%) |
| History of prior spine surgery, n (%) | |
| Yes | 23 (13.3%) |
| No | 139 (80.3%) |
| Unknown | 11 (6.4%) |
| Mean duration of symptoms, y | 6 |
| Mean time to follow up following surgery, y | 5.6 |
| Conservative therapy, n (%) (n = 166) | |
| Medications | 85 (51.2%) |
| Heat/Cold | 85 (51.2%) |
| Physical therapy | 70 (42.2%) |
| Rest | 74 (44.6%) |
| Exercise | 60 (36.1%) |
| Manipulation | 61 (36.7%) |
| TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | 35 (21.1%) |
| Acupuncture | 18 (10.8%) |
| Injections (eg, steroid) | 110 (66.3%) |
| Ganglion impar injection | 23 (13.9%) |
| Radiofrequency ablation | 8 (4.8%) |
| Coccyx morphology,a n (%) (n = 110) | |
| Type I | 35 (20.2%) |
| Type II | 26 (15%) |
| Type III | 28 (16.2%) |
| Type IV | 21 (12.1%) |
aBased on the Postacchini and Massobio classification system.18