Patient demographics by PHQ-9 score.
| Characteristic | Total (n = 351) | PHQ-9<5 (n = 186) | PHQ-95–10 (n = 94) | PHQ-9>10 (n = 71) | P valueb |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 46.8 ± 14.3 | 48.6 ± 14.9 | 46.4 ± 13.6 | 42.5 ± 12.4 | 0.008 |
| Gender | 0.605 | ||||
| Female | 29.6% (104) | 27.4% (51) | 33.0% (31) | 31.0% (22) | |
| Male | 70.4% (247) | 72.6% (135) | 67.0% (63) | 69.0% (49) | |
| Body mass index | 0.041 | ||||
| Nonobese (<30 kg/m2) | 57.0% (200) | 62.9% (117) | 53.2% (50) | 46.5% (33) | |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 43.0% (151) | 37.1% (69) | 46.8% (44) | 53.5% (71) | |
| Smoking status | 0.085 | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 88.9% (312) | 91.4% (170) | 89.4% (84) | 81.7% (58) | |
| Smoker | 11.1% (39) | 8.6% (16) | 10.5% (10) | 18.3% (13) | |
| Insurance coverage | 0.334 | ||||
| Private or workers compensation | 97.4% (338) | 96.2% (179) | 98.9% (92) | 98.5% (67) | |
| Medicare/Medicaid | 2.6% (9) | 3.8% (7) | 1.1% (1) | 1.5% (1) | |
| Ageless CCI, mean ± SD | 0.63 ± 0.9 | 0.65 ± 0.9 | 0.69 ± 0.9 | 0.51 ± 0.8 | 0.432 |
| Duration of symptoms, mo, mean ± SD | 34.0 ± 57.0 | 30.0 ± 64.4 | 20.0 ± 59.6 | 16.4 ± 31.2 | 0.144 |
| Preoperative diagnosesa | |||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0.8% (1) | 1.8% (1) | 1.8% (1) | 0% (0) | 0. |
| Myocardial infarction | 2.3% (8) | 2.7% (5) | 1.1% (1) | 2.8% (2) | 0.652 |
| Diabetes | 5.4% (21) | 3.2% (6) | 12.8% (12) | 4.2% (3) | 0.005 |
| Congestive heart failure | 0.6% (2) | 0.5% (1) | 1.1% (1) | 0% (0) | 0.665 |
| Hypertension | 23.4% (82) | 23.1% (43) | 29.8% (28) | 15.5% (11) | 0.099 |
| Neurologic disease | 0.6% (2) | 1.1% (2) | 0.0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0.410 |
| Arthritis | 8.6% (30) | 9.7% (18) | 6.4% (6) | 8.5% (6) | 0.648 |
| Renal failure | 0.3% (1) | 0.5% (1) | 0.0% (0) | 0.0% (0) | 0.648 |
| Malignancy | 4.6% (16) | 7.0% (13) | 3.2% (3) | 0.0 % (0) | 0.042 |
Data presented as % (n) unless otherwise indicated.
aThere were no patients in our study with a recorded medical history of AIDS, paraplegia, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, metastatic disease, liver disease, renal failure, or gastrointestinal bleeds.
bP value was calculated using Student’s t test (continuous), χ 2 (categorical), or Fisher’s exact test (categorical).
CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.