Baseline characteristics of study population.
| Characteristics | Total %, (n) |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 53.8 ± 9.7 |
| Gender, % (n) | |
| Female | 44.1% (26) |
| Male | 55.9% (33) |
| Smoking status, % (n) | |
| Nonsmoker | 91.5% (54) |
| Smoker | 8.5% (5) |
| Body mass index, % (n) | |
| <30 kg/m2—nonobese | 47.5% (28) |
| ≥30 kg/m2—obese | 52.5% (31) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean ± SD | 1.8 ± 1.4 |
| Spinal pathology, % (n) | |
| Degenerative spondylolisthesis | 63.3% (31) |
| Isthmic spondylolisthesis | 20.4% (10) |
| Retrolisthesis | 3.4% (2) |
| Lateral listhesis | 1.7% (1) |
| Herniated nucleus pulposus | 15.3% (9) |
| Degenerative disc disease | 45.8% (27) |
| Stenosis | 88.1% (52) |
| Foraminal stenosis | 50.9% (30) |
| Perioperative characteristics, mean ± SD | |
| Operative time, min) | 121.1 ± 20.4 |
| Estimated blood loss, mL) | 56.2 ± 61.8 |
| Hospital length of stay, h) | 34.8 ± 17.5 |