Summary of patients with seizure-induced spinal fractures.
| Author, Year | Age, y (Sex) | Symptoms | Cause of Seizures | Epilepsy Treatment | Number Seizures | Level of Spine | AO Fracture Type | Evolution Time | Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry | Associated Conditions | Treatment | Outcome |
| Lim & Shim, 202137 | 50 (M) | LBP Paraparesis | Hepatic cirrhosis | No | Multiple | L2 | A4 | 1 d | Osteoporosis | Encephalopathy | 360° T2-L4 stabilization | Partial recovery |
| Bosco et al, 202036 | 52 (M) | LBP Paraparesis | Idiopathic First seizure | No | 1 | L1 | Burst A4 | 4 mo | No | T11-L3 instrumentation | Complete recovery | |
| Robichaud et al, 20205 Case 1 Case 2 | 71(M) 53 (M) | LBP Paraparesis LBP Paraparesis | Intracranial meningioma Idiopathic | No No | 1 1 | L1 L1 | Burst A4 Burst A4 | 1 wk NA | No No | Intracranial meningioma Scapular fractures | Laminectomies T11-L3 stabilization Decompression T11-L3 stabilization | Partial recovery Partial recovery |
| Grzonka et al, 20196 | 49 (M) | Interscapular pain | Idiopathic | No | Multiple | T4 | A1 | 1 d | No | Scapular fractures | Conservative | Complete recovery |
| Hurley et al, 20197 | 47 (F) | Neck pain | Gelastic seizure | Carbamaze pine + lamotrigine | NA | C2 | Hangman type II | 1 wk | No | NA | Occipitocervical fusion | Complete recovery |
| Smith et al, 20178 | 44 (F) | Dorsal pain | Venlafaxine overdose | No | 1 | T8 | Burst A4 | 1 wk | No | Depression | T7-T11 stabilization | Complete recovery |
| Stilwell et al, 20169 | 28 (M) | Dorsal pain | Idiopathic epilepsy | Lamotrigine 1 y | 1 | T6-T7 | A1 | 10 d | Normal | Conservative analgesics | Complete recovery | |
| Gill et al, 201510 | 61 (F) | Dorsal pain | NA | No | Multiple | T6 | T6 burst A4 L5 A1 | No | Sternal fracture, bilateral humerus fractures, femur fracture | T4-T8 stabilization Lumbar conservative | Complete recovery | |
| Moscote-Salazar et al, 201511 | 46(M) | LBP | NA | NA | NA | L2 | A2 | 2 d | No | Posterior fusion | Complete recovery | |
| Atalar et al, 201512 | 49 (M) | Dorsal pain | Idiopathic, first seizure | No | 1 | T5-T8 | A1 | 1 d | Osteoporosis | Type 1 diabetes | Conservative brace | Complete recovery |
| Ali et al, 201513 | 52 (M) | LBP | Brain tumor | No | NA | L3 | A2 | No | Shoulders dislocation | Conservative | NA | |
| Uvaraj et al, 201414 | 18(M) | Dorsal pain | Idiopathic | No | 1 | T5-T8 | A1 | 3 d | No | No | Brace, conservative | Complete recovery |
| Majkowska et al, 201415 | 21 (F) | LBP | Hypoglycemia | No | 1 | T12 | A4 | 11 mo | Osteopenia | Type 1 diabetes | Surgery stabilization | NA |
| Ghayem Hasankhani et al, 201316 | 42 (M) | LBP | NA | NA | 1 | L2-3-4 | A1 | NA | Normal | No | Brace, conservative | Complete recovery |
| Rahimiza- deh et al, 201217 | 20 (M) | LBP Hypoesthesia lower limbs | Tramadol overdose | No | 1 | T12 | Burst A4 | 1 wk | No | T10-L2 stabilization | Complete recovery | |
| Alian, 201118 | 35 (F) | LBP | Idiopathic epilepsy | No | 1 | T12 | Burst A4 | 2 d | No | Stabilization T11-L1 | NA | |
| Malik et al, 201119 | 42 (F) | LBP | Hypoglycemia | No | 1 | L2 | Burst A3 | 5 d | No | Diabetes | Brace, conservative | Complete recovery |
| Sharma et al, 201120 | 36 (M) | LBP Cauda equina syndrome | Idiopathic epilepsy | Phenytoin | 1 | L1 L2 | Burst A4 A1 | 1 d | No | Humeral fracture | Surgery (no specified) | Partial recovery |
| Napier and Nolan, 201121 | 28 (M) | LBP Paraplegia | Idiopathic epilepsy | NA | Multiple | L1 | Burst A4 | 1 d | No | Stabilization T12-L2 Laminectomy | Partial recovery | |
| Is et al, 200922 | 62 (F) | LBP | Idiopathic | No | 1 | L1 | Burst A4 | 3 wk | No | Rheumatoid arthritis | L1 corpectomy Stabilization | Complete recovery |
| Kalaci et al, 200823 | 11 (M) | Dorsal pain | Isoniazid intoxication | No | Multiple | T5 | Burst A3 | 1 d | Normal | Conservative brace | Complete recovery | |
| Mehlhorn et al, 200724 | 45 (M) | LBP | Idiopathic epilepsy | No | 1 | L2 L4 | A2 A4 | 1 d | Osteopenia | L1-L5 stabilization | NA | |
| Shin et al, 200725 Case 1 Case 2 | 29 (M)34 (F) | LBP Paraparesis LBP | Brain tumor Brain tumor | No No | 11 | L2-L3 L2 | Burst A3 Burst A3 | 1 d1 d | Osteoporosis Osteopenia | Shoulder dislocation | Anterior L2-4 stabilization Conservative | Complete recovery Complete recovery |
| Roohi and Fox, 200626 | 35 (M) | Cauda equina syndrome | Unknown cause | No | 1 | L1 | Burst A3 | 2 d | No | L1-3 stabilization | Complete recovery | |
| Perry and Atkinson, 200627 | 42 (M) | Dorsal pain | Unknown | No | 1 | T6-7-8 | A1 | NA | No | Dislocation shoulders | Conservative | NA |
| Gnanalin- gham et al, 200428 | 26(M) | Dorsal pain | First seizure | No | 1 | T5-6 | A1 | 1 d | No | History of lupus Steroids use | Kyphoplasty | Complete recovery |
| Takahashi et al, 200229 | 34 (M) | Dorsal pain | Idiophatic epilepsy | Multiple drugs | 1 | T6-7 | T6 A1 T7 A4 | 2 wk | Normal | Corpectomy stabilization T5-8 | Complete recovery | |
| Torreggiani et al, 200130 | 75 (MF | Neck pain | Idiopathic epilepsy | NA | 1 | C2 dens fracture | Type 2 odontoid fracture C1 fracture | 1 d | No | Anterior C2 screw | Partial recovery | |
| Kumar and Freeman, 199931 Case 1 Case 2 | 44 (M)34 (M) | Neck pain Quadriplegia Neck pain Quadriparesis | Idiopathic epilepsy Idiopathic epilepsy | Phenytoin valproate Phenytoin | NA Multiple | C3-4 C3 | C3-4 listesis C3 Canal narrowing | 1 d 1 d | No No | 360 Stabilization Laminectomy | Partial recovery Partial recovery | |
| Aboukasm and Smith, 199732 Case 1 Case 2 | 21 (M) 36 (M) | Dorsal pain Dorsal pain | Idiopathic epilepsy Idiopathic epilepsy | No No | 11 | T7-8-9 T5-6 | A1 A1 | 1 wk 1 d | No No | Conservative Conservative | NA NA | |
| Youssef et al, 199533 | 35 (M) | LBP | Clozapine use | No | 1 | L1-L2 | L1 A4 L2 A1 | 5 d | No | schizophrenia | Surgery Stabilization | Complete recovery |
| McCullen and Brown, 19941 | 41 (F) | Dorsal pain | Amoxapine intoxication | No | 1 | T6-T8 | T7 A4 | 1 wk | No | Humeral fracture | Anterior corpectomy T7 stabilization T4-10 posterior | Complete recovery |
| Gräbe, 198834 | 39 (M) | LBP | NA | No | 1 | L5-S1 | Lumbosacral dislocation | NA | No | Anterior lumbosacral fusion | Complete recovery | |
| Nabarro, 198535 | 48 (M) | Dorsal pain | Hypoglycemia | No | 1 | T3-T4 | A1 | 1 d | No | Conservative | NA |
LBP, low back pain; NA, not available.