Demographic data.
| Patient Demographics | Surgical Microscope (n = 62) | Surgical Loupes (n = 38) | P Value |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 63.7 ± 9.8 | 66.3 ± 9.2 | 0.23 |
| Body mass index, mean ± SD | 25.0 ± 3.7 | 25.1 ± 3.9 | 0.98 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 12 (19.4) | 8 (21.1) | 0.38 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 36 (58.1) | 18 (47.4) | 0.64 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 27 (43.6) | 12 (31.6) | 0.9 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 6 (9.7) | 1 (2.6) | 0.23 |
| Operated level, n (%) | |||
| L2-L3 | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 0.32 |
| L3-L4 | 7 (11.3) | 5 (13.2) | 0.55 |
| L4-L5 | 43 (69.4) | 28 (73.6) | 0.02 |
| L5-S1 | 11 (17.7) | 5 (13.2) | 0.12 |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | |||
| Spondylolisthesis | 23 (36.9) | 19 (48.4) | 0.3 |
| Spinal canal stenosis | 21 (33.8) | 12 (32.3) | 0.88 |
| Herniated nucleus pulposus | 17 (27.7) | 7 (19.4) | 0.59 |
| Degenerative disc disease | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 0.64 |