Propensity-matched odds of complications among bone morphogenetic protein treatment cohort who underwent single-level anterior lumbar interbody fusion surgeries compared with the control cohort.
| Postoperative Complications | OR (95% CI) |
| Pseudarthrosis | 1.44 (1.16–1.76) |
| Revision surgery | 1.06 (0.91–1.22) |