Patient demographics.
| Characteristic | Total (N = 91) |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 48.1 ± 10.1 |
| Body mass index, mean ± SD | 29.5 ± 5.7 |
| Gender | |
| Female | 35.2% (32) |
| Male | 64.8% (59) |
| Diabetic status | |
| Nondiabetic | 85.7% (78) |
| Diabetic | 14.3% (13) |
| Smoking status | |
| Nonsmoker | 84.6% (77) |
| Smoker | 15.4% (14) |
| American Society of Anesthesiologists score | |
| <2 | 25.0% (18) |
| ≥2 | 75.0% (54) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score | |
| <1 | 38.2% (34) |
| ≥1 | 61.8% (55) |
| Insurance | |
| Medicare/Medicaid | 1.1% (1) |
| Workers’ compensation | 27.5% (25) |
| Private | 71.4% (65) |
Note. Data presented as % (n) unless otherwise indicated.