Finite element modeling of the ligaments of the thoracolumbar spine (from calibration against Cook et al31).
| Ligament | Stiffness, N/mm | No. of Elements |
| Anterior longitudinal | 3–30a | 3 |
| Posterior longitudinal | 3–30a | 3 |
| Flaval | 3–90a | 3 |
| Capsular | 500–2000a | 10 |
| Supraspinous | 1400a | 4 |
| Interspinous | 3–21a | 3 |
↵a Depending on the local gray value in the computed tomography image.