Table 1

Inclusion and exclusion criteria for patient recruitment.

Inclusion CriteriaExclusion Criteria

  • Adult patients (≥18 y old)

  • Symptomatic degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis unresponsive to conservative management for at least 6 mo

  • Undergoing lateral lumbar interbody fusion

  • Patients with active infection or malignancy

  • Significant osteoporosis

  • Previous lumbar spine surgery

  • Previous spinal trauma