Summary of studies included.
| Author | Year | Surgical Approach | Operation | n | Mean Age, y | Type |
| Chowdhury & Haque11 | 2014 | Posterior | C1-C3 lateral mass fusion | 6 | 40.8 | Prospective |
| Dalbayrak et al25 | 2009 | Posterior | C2 DPS | 2 | 24 | Prospective |
| Posterior | C2-C3 fusion | 2 | 45 | Prospective | ||
| Li et al26 | 2007 | Posterior | C2-C3 fusion | 20 | 43.5 | Retrospective |
| Posterior | C1-C3 pedicle fusion | 4 | 48 | Retrospective | ||
| Anterior | ACDF | 1 | 34 | Retrospective | ||
| Combined | 2 | 42 | Retrospective | |||
| Singh et al15 | 2014 | Posterior | C2-C3 pedicle fusion | 10 | 36.6 | Prospective |
| Lang et al19 | 2016 | Posterior | C2-C3 pedicle MIS | 6 | 36.5 | Retrospective |
| Posterior | C2-C3 pedicle | 14 | 34.5 | Retrospective | ||
| Kong et al12 | 2020 | Anterior | ACDF | 46 | 43 | Retrospective |
| Jin et al27 | 2020 | Anterior | ACDF | 20 | 44.7 | Retrospective |
| Posterior | C1-C3 pedicle fusion | 25 | 48 | Retrospective | ||
| Ying et al17 | 2008 | Anterior | ACDF | 30 | 32 | Retrospective |
| Li et al23 | 2015 | Anterior | ACDF | 38 | 42.8 | Retrospective |
| Rajasekaran et al28 | 2012 | Posterior | C2 DPS, navigation | 20 | 38 | Prospective |
| Taller et al29 | 2000 | Posterior | C2 DPS, navigation | 10 | 44.8 | Retrospective |
| Boullosa et al30 | 2004 | Posterior | C2-C3 pedicle fusion | 10 | 35.6 | Prospective |
| Park et al31 | 2007 | Anterior | ACDF | 11 | 41.8 | Retrospective |
| Xu et al32 | 2010 | Anterior | ACDF | 28 | 41 | Retrospective |
| ElMiligui et al33 | 2010 | Posterior | C2 DPS | 15 | 37 | Prospective |
| Ma et al34 | 2010 | Posterior | C2-C3 fusion | 35 | 45 | Retrospective |
| Tian et al35 | 2012 | Posterior | C2-C3 pedicle screw fusion | 14 | 38.2 | Retrospective |
| Wang et al36 | 2013 | Anterior | C3 corpectomy + fusion with screw + plate C2-C4 | 11 | 34 | Retrospective |
| Wu et al37 | 2012 | Posterior | C2 DPS, MIS | 10 | 50.8 | Retrospective |
| El Harawy38 | 2013 | Posterior | C2 DPS | 9 | 35.7 | Retrospective |
| Liu et al39 | 2013 | Combined | 13 | 39.4 | Retrospective | |
| Salunke et al40 | 2018 | Posterior | C2-C3 fusion | 9 | 42.4 | Prospective |
| Li et al23 | 2018 | Posterior | C2-C3 fusion | 23 | 42.7 | Retrospective |
| Prost et al16 | 2019 | Anterior | ACDF | 4 | Prospective | |
| Posterior | C2-C3 fusion | 7 | Prospective | |||
| Patel et al18 | 2020 | Anterior | ACDF | 12 | 39.8 | Retrospective |
| Posterior | C2-C3 pedicle screw fusion | 9 | 41.3 | Retrospective | ||
| Man Kyu et al41 | 2019 | Posterior | C2 DPS, MIS | 7 | 51.3 | Retrospective |
| Liu et al42 | 2020 | Posterior | C2 DPS | 25 | 45.4 | Prospective |
| Seo et al43 | 2021 | Anterior | ACDF | 5 | 40.4 | Retrospective |
| Hur et al44 | 2013 | Anterior | ACDF | 17 | 51 | Retrospective |
| Wang et al36 | 2014 | Posterior | C1-C2 fusion | 5 | 44.8 | Retrospective |
| Ge et al45 | 2015 | Anterior | ACDF | 24 | 36.5 | Retrospective |
| Posterior | C2-C3 pedicle screw fusion | 14 | 39.6 | Retrospective | ||
| Wei et al46 | 2015 | Anterior | ACDF | 28 | 39.2 | Retrospective |
| Anterior | ACDF with cage | 21 | 42.5 | Retrospective | ||
| Buchholz et al47 | 2015 | Posterior | C2 DPS, MIS | 5 | 55 | Retrospective |
| Wei et al48 | 2015 | Anterior | ACDF with cage | 15 | 36.8 | Prospective |
| Wang et al36 | 2015 | Combined | 11 | 39 | Retrospective | |
| Jain et al49 | 2017 | Anterior | ACDF | 44 | Retrospective |
ACDF, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; DPS, direct pedicle screw; MIS, minimally invasive surgery.