Characteristics of cervical spine surgery patients (N = 148).
| Characteristic | n (%) |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 51.4 ± 12.3 |
| Gender | |
| Men | 98 (66.2%) |
| Women | 50 (33.8%) |
| Body mass index, mean ± SD | 27.4 ± 5.7 |
| Insurance | |
| Medicare | 16 (10.8%) |
| Workers’ compensation | 2 (1.4%) |
| Commercial/private | 130 (87.8%) |
| Preoperative narcotic use | |
| No | 129 (87.2%) |
| Yes | 19 (12.8%) |
| Current smoker | |
| No | 131 (89.1%) |
| Yes | 16 (10.9%) |
| Diabetes | |
| No | 6 (96.0%) |
| Yes | 142 (4.1%) |
| Hypertension | |
| No | 116 (78.4%) |
| Yes | 32 (21.6%) |
| CCI | |
| 0 | 119 (80.4%) |
| 1 | 15 (10.1%) |
| ≥2 | 14 (9.5%) |
| ASA classification | |
| 1 | 24 (16.4%) |
| ≥2 | 122 (83.6%) |
| Percentage neck pain, mean ± SD | 37.8 ± 34.9 |
| Percentage radiculopathy, mean ± SD | 62.9 ± 34.4 |
| Preoperative depression | |
| No | 127 (85.8%) |
| Yes | 21 (14.2%) |
| Preoperative anxiety | |
| No | 122 (82.4%) |
| Yes | 26 (17.6%) |
| Preoperative affective disorder | |
| No | 146 (98.6%) |
| Yes | 2 (1.4%) |
| Preoperative diagnosis | |
| Central stenosis | 2 (1.4%) |
| Degenerative disc disease | 2 (1.4%) |
| Degenerative spondylolisthesis | 10 (6.8%) |
| Foraminal stenosis | 15 (10.1%) |
| Herniated nucleus pulposus | 3 (2.0%) |
| Kyphosis | 5 (3.4%) |
| Myelopathy | 75 (50.7%) |
| Radiculopathy | 32 (21.6%) |
| Vertebral fracture | 2 (1.4%) |
| Other | 2 (1.4%) |
| Cervical procedure | |
| Cervical laminectomy/laminotomy/laminoforaminotomy | 5 (3.4%) |
| Cervical foraminal decompression | 13 (8.8%) |
| Cervical discectomy | 7 (4.7%) |
| Cervical total disc replacement | 51 (34.5%) |
| Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion | 69 (46.6%) |
| Posterior cervical fusion | 3 (2.0%) |
| Preoperative PROMs, mean ± SD | |
| Neck Disability Index | 35.4 ± 18.4 |
| VAS neck pain | 4.9 ± 3.0 |
| VAS arm pain | 4.7 ± 3.4 |
| SF-12 PCS | 37.5 ± 9.3 |
| SF-12 MCS | 47.9 ± 11.0 |
| PROMIS | 41.4 ± 7.8 |
Note: Data presented as n (%) except where otherwise noted.
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; PROM, patient-reported outcome measure; PROMIS, patient-reported outcomes measurement information system; SF-12 MCS, short form-12 mental component score; SF-12 PCS, short form-12 physical component score; VAS, visual analog scale.