Pre- and postoperative VAS scores by surgical techniques.
| VAS Score | ||||
| Surgical Technique | Number | Preoperative | Postoperative | Difference |
| Minimally invasive surgery | 13 | 6.4 | 0.9 | −5.5 |
| C2 direct pedicle screw | 47 | 7.6 | 1.9 | −5.7 |
| C2-C3 fusion | 71 | 5.8 | 1.5 | −4.3 |
| Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion | 163 | 6.8 | 2.3 | −4.5 |
VAS, visual analog scale.