Characteristics of lumbar spine surgery patients (N = 517).
| Characteristic | n (%) |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 57.1 ± 15.4 |
| Gender | |
| Men | 303 (58.6%) |
| Women | 214 (41.4%) |
| Body mass index, mean ± SD | 27.1 ± 5.3 |
| Insurance | |
| Medicare | 120 (23.2%) |
| Workers’ compensation | 4 (0.8%) |
| Commercial/private | 385 (74.5%) |
| Medicaid | 1 (0.2%) |
| Other | 7 (1.4%) |
| Preoperative narcotic use | |
| No | 401 (77.7%) |
| Yes | 115 (22.3%) |
| Current smoker | |
| No | 486 (94.0%) |
| Yes | 31 (6.0%) |
| Diabetes | |
| No | 483 (96.0%) |
| Yes | 34 (4.1%) |
| Hypertension | |
| No | 338 (78.4%) |
| Yes | 179 (21.6%) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | |
| 0 | 385 (74.5%) |
| 1 | 59 (11.4%) |
| ≥2 | 73 (14.1%) |
| American Society of Anesthesiologists classification | |
| 1 | 65 (12.8%) |
| ≥2 | 442 (87.2%) |
| Percentage back pain, mean ± SD | 34.1 ± 33.5 |
| Percentage radiculopathy, mean ± SD | 66.0 ± 33.6 |
| Preoperative depression | |
| No | 452 (87.4%) |
| Yes | 65 (12.6%) |
| Preoperative anxiety | |
| No | 429 (83.0%) |
| Yes | 88 (17.0%) |
| Preoperative affective disorder | |
| No | 512 (99.0%) |
| Yes | 5 (1.0%) |
| Preoperative diagnosis | |
| Cauda equina | 2 (0.4%) |
| Central stenosis | 4 (0.8%) |
| Degenerative disc disease | 3 (0.6%) |
| Degenerative scoliosis | 27 (5.2%) |
| Degenerative spondylolisthesis | 23 (4.4%) |
| Discitis | 2 (0.4%) |
| Facet cyst | 35 (6.8%) |
| Flatback syndrome | 6 (1.2%) |
| Foraminal stenosis | 27 (5.2%) |
| Herniated nucleus pulposus | 68 (13.2%) |
| Lateral recess stenosis | 231 (44.7%) |
| Radiculopathy | 66 (12.8%) |
| Spondylolysis | 14 (2.7%) |
| Vertebral fracture | 5 (1.0%) |
| Other | 1 (0.2%) |
| Lumbar procedure | |
| Lumbar laminectomy/laminotomy/laminoforaminotomy | 38 (7.4%) |
| Lumbar foraminal decompression | 73 (14.1%) |
| Lumbar discectomy | 192 (37.1%) |
| Lumbar total disc replacement | 4 (0.8%) |
| Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion | 109 (21.1%) |
| Lateral lumbar interbody fusion | 17 (3.3%) |
| Anterior lumbar interbody fusion | 21 (4.1%) |
| Posterior lumbar interbody fusion | 63 (12.2%) |
| Preoperative PROMs, mean ± SD | |
| Oswestry Disability Index | 39.9 ± 19.7 |
| Vsual analog scale back pain | 5.3 ± 3.1 |
| Visual analog scale leg pain | 5.8 ± 3.2 |
| Short form-12 physical component score | 32.7 ± 8.8 |
| Short form-12 mental component score | 47.3 ± 11.8 |
| PROMIS | 35.5 ± 7.8 |
Note. Data presented as n (%) except where otherwise noted.
PROM, patient-reported outcome measures; PROMIS, patient-reported outcomes measurement information system.