Table 7

Prevalence and characteristics of SSI among various studies. Noncemented spinal instrumentation.

Author/YearPatients, n SSI, n (%)Mean Age, yInfection CharacteristicsImplants Removed, n(%)Implants Retained and ATB Suppression, n (%)Implants Retained and Cured, n (%)
Days of Oral Antibiotics
Zhang et al, 202230 27,881521 (1.8%), 191 needing revision surgery55.3Most common microbe: Staphylococcus aureus (43.4%)7 Of the 191 revisions (3.6%)15.2%175 Of the 191 revisions (91.6%)
Complications secondary to antibiotic treatment was 7.8%
Kuroiwa et al, 202231 183244 (2.4%)50.7Most common microbe: S aureus (47%)20 (45.5%) SSI needed >2 debridement or instrumentation removed or SSI led to death-24 (54.5%)
Cáceres et al, 201932 79932 (4%)
3 Lost in follow-up		54.9Most common microbe: S aureus 1 (4%)-24 (96%)
8 wk
Khanna et al, 201833 -6761.9Most common microbe: S epidermidis 19 (9%)25 (37%)17 (25%)
255 d (Range 7–689)
Manet et al, 201834 169446 (2.7%)
9 Lost in follow-up		55Most common microbe: S aureus 2 (4%)-31 (84%)
6 mo (Range 3–9)
Tsubouchi et al, 201835 396755 (1.4%)72 (60–77)Estimated blood loss significantly associated with implant removal21 (38%)-33 60%)
Cho et al, 201836 -10263 (50–70)Most common microbe: methicillin-resistant S aureus 19 (18.6%)35 (34.3%)48 (47%)
52 d (Range 34–88)
Yin et al,
201837 		405742 (1%)68.9Most common microbe: S epidermidis 1 (2.4%)41 (97.6%)
Takizawa et al, 201738 66521 (3.2%), 9 Methicillin-resistant S epidermidis 64.3-2 Of the 9 methicillin-resistant S epidermidis SSI (22.2%)7 Of the 9 methicillin-resistant S epidermidis SSI (77.8%)
Wille et al, 201739 4290129 (3%)
1 Lost in follow-up		57Most common microbe: S aureus
Polymicrobial infection associated with relapse		5 (3.8%)17 (13.2%)106 (82.2%)

  • Abbreviations: ATB, antibiotic; SSI, surgical site infection.