Complications reported by surgical approach.
| Variable | Posterior Approach | Anterior Approach | Combined Approach | Minimally Invasive |
| n | 254 Patients | 314 Cases | 26 Cases | 21 Cases |
| Complications | 2 Surgical site infections 3 Metalwork-related infections 5 Lung/urine infections 5 Cases of severe bleeding intraoperatively 1 Transient cerebral ataxia | 2 Surgical site infections 2 Local hematoma 3 Voice alterations 6 Donor site pain 16 Dysphagia 3 Transient cerebral ataxia | 1 Thoracic perforation 1 Dysphagia | 0 Reported complications |