Table 2

Pre- and postoperative VAS scores by surgical techniques.

VAS Score
Surgical TechniqueNumberPreoperativePostoperativeDifference
Minimally invasive surgery136.40.9−5.5
C2 direct pedicle screw477.61.9−5.7
C2-C3 fusion715.81.5−4.3
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion1636.82.3−4.5

  • Abbreviation: VAS, visual analog scale.