Table 2

Comorbidities and operative variables by surgical setting.

Comorbidity	Cohorts			Comparison P Values
Comorbidity	Outpatient	Inpatient	Preprocedure Hospitalization	Outpatient vs Inpatient	Outpatient vs Preprocedure Hospitalization
Total, n (%)	1023 (61.1%)	503 (30.0%)	149 (8.9%)
Cardiovascular, %
Congestive heart failure	1.08	0.99	2.68	0.884	0.103
Myocardial infarction	0	0.20	0	0.345	0.499
Previous percutaneous coronary intervention	1.27	0.99	1.34	0.894	0.786
Previous cardiac surgery	0.98	0.99	0.67	0.977	0.673
Angina	0.20	0	0	0.609	0.654
Hypertension requiring medication	62.07	64.02	73.83	0.461	0.005
Peripheral vascular disease	0.20	0.60	0.67	0.399	0.490
Pulmonary, %
Current smoker	13.59	10.54	13.42	0.091	0.956
Dyspnea	11.24	13.92	12.75	0.132	0.588
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder	10.56	14.51	20.81	0.025	0.000
Renal, %
Currently on dialysis	0.78	0.20	1.34	0.162	0.487
Cerebrovascular, %
Stroke with neurologic deficits	0.20	0.40	0.00	0.732	0.654
Stroke with no neurologic deficits	0.68	0	0.67	0.175	0.782
Transient ischemic attacks	0.78	0.20	0.67	0.373	0.754
Other, %
Weight loss, unintentional	0.68	1.19	0.67	0.310	0.986
Diabetes	14.96	16.30	16.78	0.399	0.093
Alcohol use	0.68	0.20	0	0.466	0.389
Chronic corticosteroid use	9.19	10.54	13.42	0.401	0.103
Procedure type, %
Kyphoplasty	90.81	90.85	89.93	0.978	0.730
Vertebroplasty	9.19	9.15	10.07	0.978	0.730
American Society of Anesthesiologists class, %				0.005	<0.001
1—A normal healthy patient	1.17	0.60	0.67
2—A patient with mild systemic disease	32.75	24.65	9.40
3—A patient with severe systemic disease	59.82	68.79	64.43
4—A patient with life-threatening disease	6.26	5.96	25.50