Demographic and clinical characteristics (N = 144).
| Demographics and Baseline Characteristics | n (%) |
| Age, y, mean (range) | 62.7 (28–83) |
| Men | 84 (58%) |
| ASA score | |
| ASA 1 | 8 (5.6) |
| ASA 2 | 69 (47.9) |
| ASA 3 | 64 (44.4) |
| ASA 4 | 3 (2.1) |
| BMI | |
| <18.5 (Underweight) | 3 (2.1) |
| 18.5–24.9 (Normal weight) | 37 (25.7) |
| 25–29.9 (Overweight) | 41 (28.5) |
| 30–34.9 (Obese) | 7 (4.9) |
| >35 (Extremely obese) | 3 (2.1) |
| Missing | 53 (36.8) |
| Frankel grade (preoperative) | |
| A/B/C | 49 (34.0) |
| D | 53 (36.8) |
| E | 42 (29.2) |
| Ambulatory status (preoperative) | |
| Intact | 83 (57.6) |
| Impaired | 61 (42.4) |
| Karnofsky performance score (preoperative) | |
| Poor to moderate (0–70) | 62 (56.9) |
| Good (70–100) | 82 (43.1) |
| Spinal instability neoplastic score | |
| Stable (1–6) | 10 (6.9) |
| Potentially unstable (7–12) | 86 (59.7) |
| Unstable (13–18) | 48 (33.3) |
| Oncological characteristics | Number (%) |
| Primary tumor site | |
| Breast | 28 (19.4) |
| Lung (nonsmall cell) | 26 (18.1) |
| Multiple myeloma | 19 (13.2) |
| Prostate | 18 (12.5) |
| Renal | 17 (11.8) |
| Unknown primary | 7 (4.9) |
| Colon | 3 (2.1) |
| Rectum | 3 (2.1) |
| B-cell lymphoma (non-Hodgkin) | 3 (2.1) |
| Lung (small cell) | 3 (2.1) |
| Gastrointestinal | 2 (1.4) |
| Oropharynx | 2 (1.4) |
| Testis | 1 (0.7) |
| Neuroendocrine (lung) | 1 (0.7) |
| Melanoma | 1 (0.7) |
| Bladder | 1 (0.7) |
| Esophageal | 1 (0.7) |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 1 (0.7) |
| Missing | 7 (4.9) |
| Spinal metastasis region | |
| Cervical | 17 (11.8) |
| Cervicothoracic junction | 2 (1.4) |
| Thoracic | 102 (70.8) |
| Thoracolumbar junction | 9 (6.3) |
| Lumbar | 11 (7.6) |
| Diffuse | 3 (2.1) |
| Solitary spinal metastases present | 70 (48.6) |
| Extraspinal bone metastases present | 66 (45.8) |
| Visceral metastases present | 49 (34.0) |
| Cerebral metastases present | 14 (9.7) |
| Previous radiotherapy on surgical lesion | 14 (9.7) |
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI, body mass index.
Note: Data presented as n (%) unless otherwise noted.