Patient demographics, surgical approach, and surgery levels (N = 23).
| Variable | n (%) |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 65.5 ± 9.0 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 25.5 ± 3.6 |
| Gender | |
| Male | 8 (35%) |
| Female | 15 (65%) |
| Approach | |
| Open | 19 (83%) |
| MIS | 4 (17%) |
| Levels | |
| 1 | 7 (30%) |
| 2 | 12 (52%) |
| 3 | 4 (17%) |
| Spinal levels fused | 43 |
Note: Data presented as n (%) unless otherwise noted.