Overview of demographic distribution of study sample: gender and age distribution and indication for surgery (N = 70).a
| Demographics | n (%) |
| Sex | |
| Men | 49 (79) |
| Women | 21 (30) |
| Age, y | |
| 18–29a | 4 (6) |
| 30–49 | 9 (13) |
| 50–64 | 24 (34) |
| 65+ | 33 (47) |
| Indication for surgery | |
| Thoracic traumatic fracture | 22 (31) |
| Lumbar traumatic fracture | 17 (24) |
| Thoracic degenerative disease | 5 (7) |
| Lumbar degenerative disease | 5 (7) |
| Thoracic adjacent segment disease | 1 (2) |
| Lumbar adjacent segment disease | 1 (2) |
| Thoracic tumor/metastasis | 11 (16) |
| Lumbar tumor/metastasis | 8 (11) |
↵a Inclusion criteria: Patient aged >18 y; American Society of Anesthesiologists score ≤3; able to understand oral and written information; signed the written consent to participate in the study.