Surface modification (grafting) and coating technologies for implants.
| Technology | Development | Coatable | Graftable |
| Silver | In-market outside of the United States (Resitage, Kyocera, Kyoto Japan)32 | x | |
| Other metal oxides | In-market (eg, Bactiguard, Tullinge Sweden)22 | x | |
| Chlorhexidine | In-market for dental implants (eg, Activ Point, Altstatten Switzerlandhttps://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=564802514&rlz=1C1GCEA_enUS1018US1018&q=Altst%C3%A4tten&si=ACFMAn_Gd9OM2CPb2aZmeZqmDNcQe6dffWLqUS3eIZkPr91_p4RAGxrcxfH7mAYovx6etJONj3zxjlmuy9Tsvs_r6WunkfDeqlds5-EUoQB6-pn__s_ziPdA6xNbNNlU0Mj1cqEzwaBfU-8QRPxScoeUGgpPXLhqIflbF4Hf3Uvxv36otndjBRICc87u7tOrk_VhErwHkP4k&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiv1OzbiaaBAxXdk4kEHVxAB20QmxMoAXoECE0QAw)57 | x | x |
| Nanostructuring | In-market (eg, Nanovis, Columbia City, USA)71 | NA | NA |
| Acid etching | In-market for dental implants (eg, Steri-Oss Etched, Zurich, Switzerland)88 | NA | NA |
| Antibiotics | In-market outside of the United States (eg, The EXPERT Tibial Nail PROtect, Raynham, USA)19 | x | x |
| Iodine | Clinical trials outside of the United States41 | x | |
| Chitosan | In vivo43 | x | x |
| Antiadhesive coatings | In vivo64 | x | |
| Quaternary ammonium compounds | In vivo77 | x | x |
| Oxidation | In vivo75 | NA | NA |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.