Summary of mean fusion rate and ΔVAS-back score by graft material.
| Graft Material | Mean Fusion Rate, % | ΔVAS-Back Score |
| Iliac crest bone graft | 94.8 | 4.4 ± 4.1 |
| Local autograft | 92.5 | 3.26 ± 0.94 |
| Allograft | 96 | 2.86 ± 4.4 |
| Demineralized bone matrix | 92 | 4 |
| Bone morphogenetic protein | 92.1 | - |
| Mesenchymal stem cell | 59 | - |
| Synthetic peptide | 73.3 | 4.9 |
| Ceramic | 92.9 | 4.6 ± 2 |
Abbreviation: VAS, visual analog scale.