Comparison of demographics among single-level TLIFs with and without BMP use.
| Demographics | No BMP | BMP | Total | P |
| N | 67 (45.3%) | 81 (54.7%) | 148 | |
| Age, y | 60.4 ± 11.7 | 58.5 ± 12.0 | 59.3 ± 11.9 | 0.339 |
| Female gender | 39 (56.7%) | 39 (48.1%) | 77 (52.0%) | 0.299 |
| Body mass index | 28.2 ± 5.7 | 30.0 ± 8.3 | 29.2 ± 7.3 | 0.125 |
| Current/past smoker | 26 (38.8%) | 33 (40.7%) | 59 (39.9%) | 0.811 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 2.8 ± 2.5 | 2.2 ± 1.5 | 2.5 ± 2.1 | 0.113 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 11 (16.4%) | 10 (12.3%) | 21 (14.2%) | 0.480 |
| Diabetes with end-organ damage | 3 (4.5%) | 2 (2.5%) | 5 (3.4%) | 0.501 |
| History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 5 (7.5%) | 5 (6.2%) | 10 (6.8%) | 0.756 |
| American Society of Anesthesiologists classification | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 0.818 |
| Days of follow-up | 560.3 ± 275.4 | 790.4 ± 440.2 | 686.2 ± 390.8 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMP, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2; TLIF, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.
Note: Data presented as n (%) or mean ± SD.