Comparison of surgical outcomes among single-level TLIFs with and without BMP use.
| Surgical Outcomes | No BMP | BMP | Total | P |
| Operative time, min | 219.1 ± 60.2 | 220.6 ± 70.7 | 219.9 ± 65.9 | 0.894 |
| Estimated blood loss, mL | 257.3 ± 206.6 | 169.6 ± 133.2 | 209.0 ± 175.0 | 0.002 |
| Fluoroscopic dosage, mGy | 54.6 ± 42.2 | 54.9 ± 57.1 | 54.8 ± 51.6 | 0.973 |
| Tranexamic acid, mL | 1746.7 ± 1074.2 | 2152.2 ± 979.5 | 1922.4 ± 1037.0 | 0.297 |
| Intraoperative complications | 4 (6.0%) | 4 (4.9%) | 8 (5.4%) | 0.782 |
| Durotomy | 2 (3.0%) | 2 (2.5%) | 4 (2.7%) | 0.847 |
| Neuromonitoring changes | 2 (3.0%) | 2 (2.5%) | 4 (2.7%) | 0.847 |
| BMP volume, mL | 0 ± 0 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Cancellous allograft use | 6 (9.0%) | 6 (7.4%) | 12 (8.1%) | 0.731 |
| Cancellous allograft volume, mL | 32.1 ± 8.2 | 38.0 ± 18.7 | 36.8 ± 17.2 | 0.182 |
| Local autograft use | 46 (68.7%) | 73 (90.1%) | 119 (80.4%) | 0.001 |
| Iliac crest bone graft use | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (8.6%) | 7 (4.7%) | 0.014 |
| Demineralized bone matrix use | 6 (9.0%) | 6 (7.4%) | 12 (8.1%) | 0.731 |
| Bone marrow aspirate use | 8 (11.9%) | 16 (29.8%) | 24 (16.2%) | 0.199 |
| Cellular bone allograft | 35 (52.2%) | 4 (4.9%) | 39 (26.4%) | <0.001 |
| Expandable cage use | 33 (34.4%) | 63 (77.8%) | 96 (64.9%) | <0.001 |
| Length of stay, d | 3.5 ± 3.1 | 3.0 ± 2.1 | 3.2 ± 2.6 | 0.219 |
Abbreviations: BMP, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2; TLIF, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.
Note: Data presented as n (%) or mean ± SD.