Comparison of reoperations among single-level TLIFs with and without BMP use.
| Reoperation | No BMP | BMP | Total | P |
| Return to OR 30 d | 2 (3.0%) | 3 (3.7%) | 5 (3.4%) | 0.810 |
| Return to OR 90 d | 3 (4.5%) | 3 (3.7%) | 6 (4.1%) | 0.812 |
| Return to OR to follow-up | 12 (17.9%) | 9 (11.1%) | 21 (14.2%) | 0.238 |
| Levels Involved | ||||
| Reoperation at the same level as index surgery | 11 (16.4%) | 9 (9.9%) | 19 (12.8%) | 0.236 |
| Reoperation at the adjacent level of index surgery | 5 (7.5%) | 4 (4.9%) | 9 (6.1%) | 0.522 |
| Reason for reoperation | ||||
| Any neurological symptom | 10 (14.9%) | 8 (9.9%) | 18 (12.2%) | 0.350 |
| Pseudarthrosis | 5 (7.5%) | 3 (3.7%) | 8 (5.4%) | 0.314 |
| Adjacent segment stenosis | 5 (7.5%) | 4 (4.9%) | 9 (6.1%) | 0.522 |
| Central or foraminal stenosis | 3 (4.5%) | 5 (6.2%) | 8 (5.4%) | 0.65 |
| Wound infection/complication | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.361 |
| Instrumentation (migration/prominence/failure) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.361 |
| Hematoma/seroma | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.361 |
| Days to revision surgery | 400.3 ± 260.4 | 394.6 ± 297.0 | 398.0 ± 267.9 | 0.965 |
Abbreviations: BMP, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2; OR, operating room; TLIF, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.
Note: Reoperations and reason for reoperation were recorded by clinical and operative notes at the study institution.