Comparison of perioperative complications among single-level TLIFs with and without BMP use.
| Postoperative Complications | No BMP | BMP | Total | P |
| Postoperative complications 0–90 d | 15 (22.4%) | 12 (14.8%) | 27 (18.2%) | 0.235 |
| Wound complications 0–90 d | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.270 |
| Medical complications 0–90 d | 5 (7.5%) | 4 (4.9%) | 9 (6.1%) | 0.522 |
| Neurological complication 0–90 d | 3 (4.5%) | 5 (6.2%) | 8 (5.4%) | 0.650 |
| Complications at 90-d Follow-Up | ||||
| Any readmission to follow-up | 11 (16.4%) | 8 (9.9%) | 19 (12.8%) | 0.236 |
| All postoperative complications or readmission to follow-up | 29 (43.3%) | 26 (32.1%) | 55 (37.2%) | 0.161 |
| Any neurological complications postoperative follow-up | 20 (29.9%) | 17 (21.0%) | 37 (25.0%) | 0.215 |
| Motor weakness | 2 (3.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 3 (2.0%) | 0.452 |
| Stenosis | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.361 |
| Radiculopathy | 13 (19.4%) | 8 (9.9%) | 21 (14.2%) | 0.098 |
| Radiculopathy resolved spontaneously without surgery | 3 (23.1%) | 2 (25.0%) | 5 (23.8%) | 0.920 |
| Sensory deficit | 2 (3.0%) | 3 (3.7%) | 5 (3.4%) | 0.810 |
| Persistent pain | 4 (6.0%) | 3 (3.7%) | 7 (4.7%) | 0.518 |
| Pseudarthrosis at a minimum of 1-y follow-up | 5 (7.5%) | 5 (6.2%) | 10 (6.8%) | 0.756 |
| 0–1 y | 1 (1.5%) | 2 (2.5%) | 3 (2.0%) | 0.549 |
| 1–2 y | 4 (6.0%) | 2 (2.5%) | 6 (4.1%) | |
| 2+ y | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (0.7%) | |
| Medical complications, postoperative to follow-up | 5 (7.5%) | 4 (4.9%) | 9 (6.1%) | 0.522 |
| Wound complications, postoperative to follow-up | 2 (3.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 3 (2.0%) | 0.452 |
Abbreviations: BMP, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2; TLIF, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.
Note: Data presented as n (%).