Demographics, operative variables, radiographic measurements, and PROMs of the total cohort.
| Variables | N = 117 |
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 65.6 ± 9.2 |
| Women, n (%) | 92 (78.6) |
| Body mass index, mean ± SD | 30.0 ± 6.4 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean ± SD | 2.1 ± 2.8 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |
| Diabetes | 28 (23.9) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 37 (31.6) |
| Congestive heart failure | 13 (11.1) |
| Hypertension | 88 (75.2) |
| Osteopenia/osteoporosis | 47 (40.1) |
| Dependent | 15 (12.8) |
| Hounsfield unit average, mean ± SD | 151.3 ± 53.4 |
| Prior fusion, n (%) | 46 (39.3) |
| Fused to sacrum, n (%) | 111 (94.9) |
| Total instrumented levels, mean ± SD | 8.9 ± 1.7 |
| Three-column osteotomy, n (%) | 21 (18.0%) |
| Sagittal malalignment (SVA > 5 cm), n (%) | 56 (47.8%) |
| Coronal malalignment (CVA > 3 cm), n (%) | 21 (17.9%) |
| Neutral alignment, n (%) | 22 (18.8%) |
| Mixed malalignment, n (%) | 18 (15.3%) |
| Upper instrumented vertebra, n (%) | |
| T7 | 9 (7.7) |
| T8 | 19 (16.2) |
| T9 | 12 (10.3) |
| T10 | 33 (28.2) |
| T11 | 20 (17.1) |
| T12 | 15 (12.8) |
| L1 | 4 (3.4) |
| L2 | 5 (4.3) |
| Preoperative radiographic measurements, mean ± SD | |
| Pelvic incidence | 51.6 ± 10.8 |
| Pelvic tilt | 25.9 ± 8.9 |
| Thoracic kyphosis | 32.3 ± 15.8 |
| SVA | 88.0 ± 73.5 |
| CVA | 23.9 ± 25.2 |
| Pelvic incidence lumbar lordosis mismatch | 21.9 ± 16.5 |
| L1–S1 lordosis | 29.7 ± 18.0 |
| L4–S1 lordosis | 27.9 ± 12.1 |
| Lordosis distribution index | 96.0 ± 158.6 |
| Preoperative PROMs, mean ± SD | |
| NRS-Back | 7.3 ± 1.7 |
| NRS-Leg | 6.3 ± 2.4 |
| Oswestry Disability Index | 51.6 ± 11.5 |
| EQ-5D | 0.485 ± 0.204 |
Abbreviations: CVA, coronal vertical axis; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; PROM, patient-reported outcome measure; SVA, sagittal vertical axis.