Intra- and postoperative clinical outcome measures.
| Clinical Outcome Measure | Open Laminectomy and Fusion | Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion | Microdiscectomy | Endoscopic Decompression | P |
| No. of levels fused, mean | 1.82 | 1.27 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
| No. of levels operated, mean | 2.23 | 1.23 | 1.0 | 1.56 | <0.0001 |
| Estimated blood loss, mean | 304.0 | 37.6 | 5.0 | 5.0 | <0.0001 |
| Length of stay, mean | 4.0 | 2.48 | 1.0 | 0.94 | <0.0001 |
| Bone morphogenetic protein, mean | 48 | 25 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
| Complications, n | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.799 |
| Interbodies per surgery, mean | 0.65 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | <0.0001 |
| % Requiring a third operation | 12.7 | 19.2 | 33.3 | 52.9 | 0.005 |