Demographics and preoperative variables.
| Demographics and Preoperative Variables | ACDF (N = 38) | Endoscopic Foraminotomy (N = 17) | P |
| Age, mean ± SD | 46.8 ± 9.4 | 57.6 ± 10.3 | 0.002 |
| Sex, woman, n (%) | 20 (52.6%) | 3 (17.6%) | 0.076 |
| Race, white, n (%) | 31 (81.6%) | 12 (70.6%) | 0.482 |
| BMI, mean ± SD | 29.7 ± 5.9 | 29.6 ± 5.4 | 0.951 |
| Calcification, n (%) | 10 (26.3%) | 3 (17.6%) | 0.517 |
| Diabetes | 2 (5.3%) | 1 (5.9%) | >0.999 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1 (2.6%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0.527 |
| Hypertension | 15 (39.5%) | 11 (64.7%) | 0.143 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1 (2.6%) | 0 | >0.999 |
| COPD | 1 (2.6%) | 0 | >0.999 |
| Osteoporosis | 0 | 0 | - |
| Smoker | 7 (18.4%) | 2 (11.8%) | 0.043 |
| Insurance, n (%) | 0.206 | ||
| Private | 30 (78.9%) | 13 (76.5%) | |
| Public | 4 (10.5%) | 4 (23.5%) | |
| Uninsured | 4 (10.5%) | 0 |
Abbreviations: ACDF, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Note: Mean ± SD or 95% confidence interval tested with 2-tailed t test; n (%) differences tested with Fisher’s exact test. Boldface indicates statistically significant findings.