Treatment and procedural outcome measures (N = 44).
| Outcome Measure | Value |
| Indication for surgery, n (%) | |
| Degenerative spondylolisthesis | 24 (54.5) |
| Degenerative disc disease | 12 (27.3) |
| Foraminal stenosis with radiculopathy | 6 (13.6) |
| Facet arthropathy | 1 (2.3) |
| Spondylolysis/pedicle fracture | 1 (2.3) |
| Prior surgery, n (%) | |
| No | 36 (81.8) |
| Yes | 8 (18.2) |
| Levels fused, n (%) | |
| 1 | 26 (59.1) |
| 2 | 15 (34.1) |
| 3 | 3 (6.8) |
| Median (range) | 1 (1–3) |
| ALIF cage levels, n (%) | |
| 0 | 6 (13.6) |
| 1 | 24 (54.5) |
| 2 | 14 (31.8) |
| LLIF cage levels, n (%) | |
| 0 | 34 (77.3) |
| 1 | 7 (15.9) |
| 2 | 3 (6.8) |
| Cages, n (%) | |
| ALIF only | 35 (79.5) |
| LLIF only | 6 (13.6) |
| Combination of ALIF and LLIF | 3 (6.8) |
| Most commonly treated levels, n (%) | |
| L5/S1 | 46.2% |
| L4/5 | 36.9% |
| L3/4 | 10.8% |
| L2/3 | 6.2% |
| Lateral position, n (%) | |
| Left side up | 36 (81.8) |
| Right side up | 8 (18.2) |
| Neuromonitoring, n (%) | |
| Yes | 44 (100.0) |
| Operative time, min, median (range) | 110 (53–293) |
| Fluoroscopy time, sec, median (range) | 98.5 (12.8–283) |
| Estimated blood loss, mL, median (range) | 100 (100–1900) |
| Length of stay, d | 2 (1–14) |
Abbreviations: ALIF, anterior lumbar interbody fusion; EMG, electromyography; LLIF, lateral lumbar interbody fusion.
a EMG and free-running EMG.