The treatment modalities used in the studies relevant to Garg’s classification and salient findings of the studies.
| Authors | Garg’s Classification | Treatment Modality | Assessed Outcome Parameters | Conclusion and Salient Findings |
| Peng et al10 | Unclear about grades I or II; A: 3 patients; B: 5 patients; III: 1 patient | Chemotherapy: 8 patients; Chemotherapy + surgery: 1 patient | At last follow-up, MRI images revealed disappearance of soft tissue shadow. | Chemotherapy is safe and effective. Surgery is indicated for spinal instability or with severe neurological deficit. |
| Jiang L et al11 | Not provided | Chemotherapy + local radiotherapy: 1 (case 1) Radiotherapy: 2 (cases 2 and 5) Surgery: 1 (case 3) radiotherapy + surgery: 1 (case 4) | Clinical symptoms resolved at last follow-up. | Chemotherapy is highly effective. Surgery in lesions causing neurology which are not amenable to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. |
| Abdelaal et al12 | Unclear | Nonoperative treatment: 11 Surgery: 2 Died: 2 (by mean 27 months on nonoperative treatment) | Vertebral body height restoration. | Nonoperative treatment yields results. Surgery is indicated when the lesion is in cervical spine. |
| Nakamura et al13 | Not provided | Brace: 9 patients, of which 8 patients had systemic chemotherapy + brace Supervised management: 4 patients | Anterior, posterior vertebral wall height restoration. | Vertebral body height restoration occurs eventually with treatment. It can be assessed by measuring the height of anterior, posterior vertebral body wall height. |
| Zhou et al14 | Not provided | Surgery only: 6 Surgery + radiation therapy: 9 Surgery + chemotherapy: 4 Surgery + radiotherapy + chemotherapy: 4 Radiotherapy: 5 Chemotherapy: 1 Radiotherapy + chemotherapy: 2 | Local pain relief and neurological improvement following surgery. | Surgery followed by postoperative low-dose radiation therapy or chemotherapy provides prompt local pain relief and early neurological improvement when compared with isolated radiation therapy or chemotherapy alone. |
| Zheng et al15 | Grade II | Transpedicular curettage + short segment posterior instrumentation, balloon kyphoplasty, calcium sulfate cement injection | Better vertebral height restoration by 2-y follow-up when compared with historical cohort. | Active surgical treatment is recommended in patients with grade II lesions. |
| Zheng et al16 | Grade IB and II | Transpedicular curettage + short segment posterior instrumentation, Instrumentation removal by 2 y | Better vertebral body height restoration by 1-y follow-up when compared with reference vertebral body height. | Active surgical treatment is recommended in patients with grade IB, II lesions to restore vertebral body height and spinal stability. |
| Zhong et al17 | Not provided | C1–C2: Anterior resection of lesion and posterior instrumentation C3–C7: Vertebral body lesion: anterior excision, corpectomy, and fusion Posterior column lesion: posterior excision and instrumentation | Improvement in neurology and clinical symptoms. | Surgery can significantly improve neurological symptoms. However, it must be tailored according to the individual location of the lesion in cervical spine. |
Abbreviation: MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.