Table 5

Stepwise multivariate ordinal logistic regression model of preoperative and surgical variables associated with pedicle screw accuracy.

Variable	Univariable		Multivariable
Variable	OR	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Age	1.00	0.67
Gender
Men	1.89	0.03^{^a} ^{^b}	2.12 (1.10, 4.09)	0.03^{^b}
Race
White	0.61	0.08^{^a}	0.39 (0.07, 2.02)	0.26
African American	1.68	0.07^{^a}	0.83 (0.16, 4.43)	0.83
Asian	1.53	0.69
Unreported/unknown	0.73	0.76
BMI	0.99	0.81
Cancer	1.37	0.56
Frankel Grade	0.89	0.59
Karnofsky Score	1.39	0.21
CCI	0.99	0.80
ASA status	0.93	0.77
Diagnosis
Spondylolisthesis	0.32	0.01^{^a} ^{^b}	0.62 (0.23, 1.69)	0.35
Fracture	0.72	0.34
Pseudarthrosis	2.26	0.02^{^a} ^{^b}	1.51 (0.59, 3.82)	0.39
Spondylosis	0.90	0.83
Tumor	1.34	0.55
Other	1.67	0.08^{^a}	0.96 (0.36, 2.57)	0.93
Revision	3.49	<0.001^{^a} ^{^b}	2.43 (1.15, 5.11)	0.02^{^b}
Screw location
Cervical	<0.001	0.97
Thoracic	2.62	0.00^{^a} ^{^b}	2.33 (1.22, 4.43)	0.01^{^b}
Lumbar	0.80	0.42
Sacral	0.26	0.06^{^a}	0.33 (0.08, 1.45)	0.14
Approach
Posterior	0.46	0.12
Incision
Midline	0.98	0.93
Bilateral	1.34	0.30
Both	0.55	0.21
Screw number	1.07	<0.001^{^a} ^{^b}	1.03 (0.96, 1.11)	0.39
EBL	1.00	0.10
Incision-to-extubation time	1.00	0.03^{^a} ^{^b}	1 (0.99, 1.00)	0.15

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; EBL, estimated intraoperative blood loss; NA, not applicable.
↵a Included in stepwise ordered logit multivariate analysis (P < 0.1).
↵b Statistically significant (P < 0.05).