Adverse events to final follow-up.
| Adverse Events | Total (N = 51) | sa-ALIF (n = 22) | ALIF + PSF (n = 29) |
| Total complications | 12 | 2 | 10 |
| Acute complications | |||
| Superficial wound infection | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Chronic complications | |||
| Persisting mechanical back pain (VAS back >5) | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| Persisting radicular lower extremity pain (VAS leg >5) | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| Reoperation | |||
| PSF revision requiring posterior decompression | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Abbreviations: ALIF, anterior lumbar interbody fusion; PSF, pedicle-screw fixation; sa-ALIF, standalone anterior lumbar interbody fusion; VAS, visual analog scale.