Demographic, medical history, and procedure details for the total patient cohort and groups stratified by age.
| Patient Characteristics | Total Cohort (N = 164) | Age <70 y (N = 125) | Age ≥70 y (N = 39) | P | q a |
| Demographic and Physical Details | |||||
| Sex, n/N (%) | 0.404b | 0.628 | |||
| Men | 100/164 (61%) | 74/125 (59%) | 26/39 (67%) | ||
| Women | 64/164 (39%) | 51/125 (41%) | 13/39 (33%) | ||
| Age, median (IQR) | 58.0 (44.8–69.0) | 52.0 (40.0–61.0) | 75.0 (72.0–76.5) | <0.001c | <0.001 |
| Race, n/N (%) | 0.648d | 0.811 | |||
| White | 87/101 (86%)e | 73/84 (87%)e | 14/17 (82%)e | ||
| Black or African American | 8/101 (8%)e | 6/84 (7%)e | 2/17 (12%)e | ||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1/101 (1%)e | 1/84 (1%)e | 0/17 (0%)e | ||
| Asian | 2/101 (2%)e | 2/84 (2%)e | 0/17 (0%)e | ||
| Self-reported unknown | 3/101 (3%)e | 2/84 (2%)e | 1/17 (6%)e | ||
| Ethnicity, n/N (%) | 0.385d | 0.628 | |||
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 78/101 (77%)e | 66/84 (79%)e | 12/17 (71%)e | ||
| Hispanic or Latino | 18/101 (18%)e | 13/84 (15%)e | 5/17 (29%)e | ||
| Self-reported unknown | 5/101 (5%)e | 5/84 (6%)e | 0/17 (0%)e | ||
| Current smoker, n/N (%) | 8/127 (6%)e | 8/94 (9%)e | 0/33 (0%)e | 0.111d | 0.415 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 29.2 (25.8–33.7)e | 29.2 (25.8–35.1)e | 29.0 (25.9–32.1) | 0.372c | 0.628 |
| Medical History | |||||
| Diabetes, n/N (%) | 23/164 (14%) | 16/125 (13%) | 7/39 (18%) | 0.419b | 0.628 |
| Hypertension, n/N (%) | 64/164 (39%) | 36/125 (29%) | 28/39 (72%) | <0.001b | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n/N (%) | 16/164 (10%) | 8/125 (6%) | 8/39 (21%) | 0.025d | 0.126 |
| Arthritis, n/N (%) | 26/164 (16%) | 22/125 (18%) | 4/39 (10%) | 0.273b | 0.628 |
| Asthma, n/N (%) | 9/164 (5%) | 7/125 (6%) | 2/39 (5%) | >0.999d | >0.999 |
| Chronic lung disease, n/N (%) | 3/164 (2%) | 2/125 (2%) | 1/39 (3%) | 0.560d | 0.763 |
| Heart attack, n/N (%) | 2/164 (1%) | 2/125 (2%) | 0/39 (0%) | >0.999d | >0.999 |
| Congestive heart failure, n/N (%) | 1/164 (1%) | 1/125 (1%) | 0/39 (0%) | >0.999d | >0.999 |
| Coronary artery disease, n/N (%) | 3/164 (2%) | 1/125 (1%) | 2/39 (5%) | 0.141d | 0.423 |
| Procedure Details | |||||
| Procedure type, n/N (%) | |||||
| Discectomy | 90/164 (55%) | 82/125 (66%) | 8/39 (21%) | <0.001b | <0.001 |
| TELD | 51/164 (31%) | 46/125 (37%) | 5/39 (13%) | 0.005b | 0.019 |
| IELD | 38/164 (23%) | 35/125 (28%) | 3/39 (8%) | 0.009b | 0.029 |
| EELD | 1/164 (1%) | 1/125 (1%) | 0/39 (0%) | >0.999d | >0.999 |
| Other decompression | 74/164 (45%) | 43/125 (34%) | 31/39 (79%) | <0.001b | <0.001 |
| LE-ULBD | 57/164 (35%) | 34/125 (27%) | 23/39 (59%) | <0.001b | 0.002 |
| IE-LRD | 8/164 (5%) | 3/125 (2%) | 5/39 (13%) | 0.019d | 0.055 |
| TELF | 6/164 (4%) | 3/125 (2%) | 3/39 (8%) | 0.147d | 0.326 |
| ICELF | 2/164 (1%) | 2/125 (2%) | 0/39 (0%) | >0.999d | >0.999 |
| TE-LRD | 1/164 (1%) | 1/125 (1%) | 0/39 (0%) | >0.999d | >0.999 |
| Levels of operation,f n/N (%) | |||||
| L1/2 | 7/164 (4%) | 3/125 (2%) | 4/39 (10%) | 0.056d | 0.139 |
| L2/3 | 18/164 (11%) | 8/125 (6%) | 10/39 (26%) | 0.002d | 0.010 |
| L3/4 | 28/164 (17%) | 21/125 (17%) | 7/39 (18%) | 0.868b | >0.999 |
| L4/5 | 97/164 (59%) | 73/125 (58%) | 24/39 (62%) | 0.728b | 0.970 |
| L5/S1 | 42/164 (26%) | 35/125 (28%) | 7/39 (18%) | 0.209b | 0.419 |
| Surgical approach, n/N (%) | 0.231b | 0.421 | |||
| Right | 83/164 (51%) | 60/125 (48%) | 23/39 (59%) | ||
| Left | 81/164 (49%) | 65/125 (52%) | 16/39 (41%) | ||
| Revision surgery, n/N (%) | 36/164 (22%) | 28/125 (22%) | 8/39 (21%) | 0.804b | >0.999 |
| Dural tear, n/N (%) | 4/113 (4%)e | 3/94 (3%)e | 1/19 (5%)e | 0.526d | 0.752 |
| Procedure duration (min), median (IQR) | 90.0 (60.0–120.0) | 88.0 (60.0–120.0) | 90.0 (67.5–120.0) | 0.350c | 0.583 |
| Blood loss (mL), median (IQR) | 5.0 (5.0–10.0) | 5.0 (5.0–10.0) | 5.0 (5.0–10.0) | 0.384c | 0.591 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; EELD, extraforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy; ICELF, interlaminar contralateral endoscopic lumbar foraminotomy; IELD, interlaminar endoscopic lumbar discectomy; IE-LRD, interlaminar endoscopic lateral recess decompression; IQR, interquartile range; LE-ULBD, lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression; TELD, transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy; TELF, transforaminal endoscopic lumbar foraminotomy; TE-LRD, transforaminal endoscopic lateral recess decompression.
Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05).
↵a False discovery rate correction for multiple testing (corrections for “Demographic and Physical Details” and “Medical History” were performed independently from “Procedure Details”).
↵b Pearson’s χ 2 test.
↵c Wilcoxon rank sum test.
↵d Fisher’s exact test.
↵e Denominator was adjusted to account for missing values.
↵f Levels of operation may span >1 spinal region; therefore, percentages sum to >100%.