The inclusion and exclusion criteria used in this study.
| Criteria |
| Inclusion |
| Patients with degenerative lumbar disease, including degenerative disc herniation, degenerative lumbar stenosis, and degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis |
| Preoperative radiographs, including plain radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, were complete. |
| Symptoms for at least for 6 months and refractory to conservative therapy |
| Clinical signs consistent with radiographs |
| Availability of pre- and postoperative radiographs and medical records |
| History of previous lumbar surgery or infection |
| Exclusion |
| Patients with severe sagittal imbalance |
| Patients who underwent interbody fusion using a stand-alone cage or expandable cage |
| Patients underwent anterior, extreme lateral, or transforaminal interbody fusion |
| Patients with severe osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or destructive spondyloarthropathy |
| Patients with less than 48-month follow-up |