Intraoperative and postoperative complications between 3 groups.
| Variables | PLIF group (n = 122) | PLF group (n = 126) | Hybrid group (n = 130) | P |
| Intraoperative complications | 18 (15) | 8 (6.6) | 13 (9.8) | 0.050 |
| Dural tear | 13 (10.6) a | 4 (3.3) b | 8 (6.3) a,b | 0.035 |
| Nerve root injury | 5 (4.4) | 4 (3.3) | 5 (3.5) | 0.863 |
| Adverse events | 29 (24.4) a | 21 (16.4) a,b | 16 (12.5) b | 0.022 |
| Sensory deficiency | 6 (5) | 7 (5.9) | 5 (3.5) | 0.612 |
| Screw loosening | 3 (2.5) | 2 (1.3) | 2 (1.4) | 0.604 |
| Cage subsidence | 8 (6.9) | NA | 4 (2.8) | 0.117 |
| Cage retropulsion | 5 (4.4) | NA | 2 (1.4) | 0.179 |
| Others a | 7 (5.6) | 12 (9.2) | 5 (3.5) | 0.114 |
| 5-year ASDeg-multilevel | 56/135 (42)a | 52/141 (37)a,b | 40/138 (29)c | 0.044 |
| Upper | 37/92 (40.2) | 34/94 (36) | 22/84 (27.8) | 0.104 |
| Lower | 20/43 (46.5) | 18/47 (38.3) | 18/54 (33.3) | 0.430 |
| 5-year ASDis-multilevel | 16/135 (12.3) | 16/141 (9.9) | 10/138 (7.6) | 0.338 |
| Upper | 10/92 (10.7) | 9/94 (9.7) | 6/84 (6.9) | 0.577 |
| Lower | 7/43 (16.3) | 5/47 (10.6) | 5/54 (9.3) | 0.581 |
Abbreviations: ASDeg, adjacent segment degeneration; ASDis, adjacent segment disease; NA, not applicable; PLF, posterior lumbar fusion; PLIF, posterior lumbar interbody fusion.
Note: Data are presented as n (%). The use of superscripts a, b, and c in the data cells denotes pairwise comparisons. If the superscripts are different, it indicates a significant difference between the groups. See Table 3 for additional explanation.
↵a Wound infection, rod broken, screw broken, and pseudarthrosis.