Table 3

Repeated-measures ANOVA for comparison of clinical outcomes at each follow-up time.

Variables	Groups	Post 3 mo	Post 6 mo	Post 12 mo	Post 36 mo	Post 60 mo	Statistic 1 ^{^a}	P1^{^a}	Statistic 2^{^b}	P2^{^b}
VAS-back	PLIF	3.1 ± 0.9^a	1.8 ± 0.9 ^b,e	1.3 ± 0.8 ^c,d	1.4 ± 1.0 ^c,d	1.6 ± 1.9 ^b,e	0.685	0.690	117.414	<0.001
	PLF	3.1 ± 0.9^a	1.9 ± 0.8 ^b,e	1.2 ± 0.8 ^c,d	1.1 ± 1.0 ^c,d	1.7 ± 1.1 ^b,e
	Hybrid	3.1 ± 1.0^a	1.8 ± 0.9 ^b,e	1.3 ± 0.8 ^c,d	1.1 ± 1.0 ^c,d	1.6 ± 1.1 ^b,e
VAS-leg	PLIF	2.5 ± 1.1^a	0.7 ± 0.7 ^b,d,e	0.7 ± 0.8^c	1.1 ± 1.0 ^b,d,e	1.5 ± 1.1 ^b,d,e	0.648	0.722	94.174	<0.001
	PLF	2.7 ± 1.1^a	1.1 ± 0.6 ^b,d,e	0.8 ± 0.8^c	1.2 ± 1.0 ^b,d,e	1.3 ± 1.0 ^b,d,e
	Hybrid	2.5 ± 1.08^a	1.3 ± 0.7 ^b,d,e	0.7 ± 0.8^c	1.1 ± 1.0 ^b,d,e	1.5 ± 1.1 ^b,d,e
JOA	PLIF	15.3 ± 3.0^a	18.9 ± 3.3^b	22.4 ± 3.3 ^c,e	22.3 ± 3.5^d	22.1 ± 3.6 ^d,e	2.167	0.047	389.274	<0.001
	PLF^{^c}	15.0 ± 2.6^a	18.2 ± 2.5^b	21.4 ± 2.2 ^c,e	22.0 ± 2.71^d	21.7 ± 2.9 ^d,e
	Hybrid^{^c}	16.0 ± 2.5^a	18.8 ± 2.7^b	21.9 ± 2.3 ^c,e	23.3 ± 1.99^d	23.5 ± 2.6 ^d,e
ODI	PLIF^{^c}	56.3 ± 8.3^a	46.1 ± 7.2^b	35.6 ± 5.8^c	28.9 ± 5.21 ^d,e	28.9 ± 7.0^e	2.826	0.006	939.294	<0.001
	PLF	55.6 ± 6.6^a	44.1 ± 5.0^b	33.4 ± 5.9^c	27.6 ± 5.8 ^d,e	28.4 ± 5.5^e
	Hybrid^{^c}	53.7 ± 5.34^a	44.5 ± 5.3^b	34.9 ± 5.2^c	25.5 ± 4.8 ^d,e	24.2 ± 4.22^e
SF-36^{^d}	PLIF	37.3 ± 4.8^a	52.6 ± 5.8^b	63.4 ± 4.5^c	70.6 ± 6.9^d	73.0 ± 6.2^e	3.589	<0.001	1020	<0.001
	PLF	38.4 ± 7.1^a	51.8 ± 6.5^b	64.5 ± 6.8^c	71.4 ± 5.7^d	74.1 ± 6.0^e
	Hybrid	40.1 ± 7^a	50.3 ± 6.65^b	61.3 ± 8.1^c	72.8 ± 6.0^d	76.5 ± 6.5^e
Cobb	PLIF	49.7 ± 5.1^a	50.5 ± 5.3 ^a,b,c,d,e	51.3 ± 4.6^c	47.1 ± 7.8 ^a,d	43.3 ± 7.2^e	3.594	<0.001	18.176	<0.001
	PLF	48.7 ± 6.9^a	49.9 ± 6.1 ^a,b,c,d,e	50.7 ± 5.6^c	48.5 ± 6.8 ^a,d	45.4 ± 6.2^e
	Hybrid	47.7 ± 5.1^a	48.8 ± 6.7 ^a,b,c,d,e	50.5 ± 7.8^c	49.6 ± 8.4 ^a,d	48.1 ± 7.0^e

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; JOA, Japanese Orthopedic Association; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; SF-36, 36-item Short Form Health Survey; VAS, visual analog scale.
Note: Data presented as mean ± SD. The use of superscripts a, b, c, d, and e in the data cells denotes pairwise comparisons. If the superscript letters between 2 groups are different, it indicates a significant difference between the groups. For example, when comparing the mean ODI scores at 12, 36, and 60 months post-surgery in the hybrid group, the mean at 12 months post-surgery is marked with “c,” the mean at 36 months post-surgery is marked with “d,e,” and the mean at 60 months post-surgery is marked with “e.” This indicates that the mean ODI score at 12 months post-surgery is significantly different from the means at 36 and 60 months post-surgery, while there is no significant statistical difference between the means at 36 and 60 months post-surgery.
↵a Measure time.
↵b Interaction analysis between group and measure time.
↵c Mean statistical significance between groups.
↵d The data satisfy Mauchly’s test of sphericity.