Analysis of intraoperative parameters.
| Study | Type of Cohort Study | No. of Patients | Duration of Surgery, min, mean ± SD | Blood Loss, mL, mean ± SD | Durotomy, n |
| Hoogland et al, 200810 | Prospective | 262 | NA | NA | 0 |
| Ruetten et al, 200911 | Prospective | 21 | 24 ± 6.4 | Not measurable | 0 |
| Xu et al, 202312 | Retrospective | 31 | NA | 0 | 0 |
| Wang et al, 202013 | Retrospective | 24 | 113.3 ± 45.44 | 17.75 ± 17.05 | NA |
| Jiang et al, 202114 | Retrospective | 24 | 65.3 ± 12.5 | 28.6 ± 4.7 | 0 |
| Ahn et al, 200415 | Retrospective | 43 | NA | NA | NA |
| Total | - | 405 | 67.53 ± 27.42 | 23.18 ± 5.4 | 0 |
Abbreviation: NA, not available.