Inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Variable | Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
Diagnosis | Lumbar spinal stenosis with or without spondylolisthesis | Any concomitant spinal disorders (scoliosis, vertebral fracture, isthmic spondylolysis, tumor, and metastases) |
ODI scores | Measured at 2 timepoints prior to the operation | Incomplete or missing scores, or the interval was <1 week10 |
Abbreviation: ODI, Oswestry Disability Index.