Table 1

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

VariableInclusion CriteriaExclusion Criteria
DiagnosisLumbar spinal stenosis with or without spondylolisthesisAny concomitant spinal disorders (scoliosis, vertebral fracture, isthmic spondylolysis, tumor, and metastases)
ODI scoresMeasured at 2 timepoints prior to the operationIncomplete or missing scores, or the interval was <1 week10
  • Abbreviation: ODI, Oswestry Disability Index.