Table 3

Comparison of immediate postoperative position metrics, step count, and gait metrics of endoscopic and open surgery patients.

Variable	Endoscopy (n = 13)	Open (n = 11)	Group Difference (Endoscopy—Open)
Variable	Mean ± SD or Median (IQR)		95% CI	%	P
Position metrics
Stand/walk, %	20.62 ± 12.76	19.00 ± 10.43	−8.37; 11.60	8.526	0.741
Sit, %	52.31 ± 25.43	27.82 ± 22.69	3.91; 45.07	88.03	0.022^{^a}
Lie, %	26.92 ± 18.06	53.18 ± 24.31	−44.21; −8.31	−49.38	0.006^{^a}
Steps
Daily step count	475.91 ± 254.94	244.00 ± 105.54	50.19; 413.62	95.05	0.015^{^a}
Gait Metrics
Gait velocity, m/s	0.966 ± 0.831	0.831 ± 0.629	0.061; 0.208	16.25	0.001^{^a}
Step length, m	0.650 ± 0.141	0.607 (0.088)	−0.146; 0.158	0.071	0.888
Step time, s	0.680 ± 0.059	0.675 (0.077)	−0.182; 0.118	0.741	0.423
Double support, %	21.60 (8.85)	29.88 ± 4.92	−11.10; 0.00	−27.71	0.046^{^a}
Symmetry score	87.47 ± 3.50	85.01 (3.67)	−2.58; 5.13	2.821	0.277
Variability score	11.82 ± 5.89	22.43 ± 6.77	−17.15; −4.07	−47.30	0.004^{^a}
WORM score	0.810 ± 0.82	0.817 (0.415)	−0.58; 0.57	−0.857	0.673

Abbreviation: WORM, walking orientation randomness metric.
Note: Mean ± SD was reported for normally distributed data, and median interquartile range [IQR]) was reported for non-normally distributed data.
↵a Statistically significant result (P < 0.05).