Baseline characteristics of patients (N = 102).
| Characteristic | Value |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 73.3 (7.6) |
| Sex, men/women, n | 49/53 |
| Height, cm, mean (SD) | 157.2 (8.8) |
| Body weight, kg, mean (SD) | 60.0 (12.7) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 24.2 (3.8) |
| Indications, n (%) | |
| LCS+ (LDS) | 88 (86) |
| Degenerative lumbar scoliosis | 9 (9) |
| Foraminal stenosis | 4 (4) |
| Lumbar disc herniation | 1 (1) |
| Lumbar BMD, mean (SD) | 0.978 (0.227) |
| Lumbar YAM BMD, %, mean (SD) | 99.6 (22.8) |
| Lumbar spine T score, mean (SD) | 0 (2.0) |
| Femoral neck BMD, mean (SD) | 0.652 (0.143) |
| Femoral neck YAM BMD, %, mean (SD) | 82.2 (17.9) |
| Femoral neck T score, mean (SD) | −1.6 (1.6) |
| Low T score, mean (SD) | −1.7 (1.5) |
| Low YAM BMD, %, mean (SD) | 81.3 (17.3) |
| T score, n (%) | |
| Normal (>−1.0) | 30 (29) |
| Osteopenia (<−1.0, >−2.5) | 40 (39) |
| Osteoporosis (<−2.5) | 32 (31) |
| Inner diameter of the femoral shaft, mean (SD) | 14.1 (2.0) |
| Outer diameter of the femoral shaft, mean (SD) | 28.7 (2.4) |
| CBR, mean (SD) | 0.491 (0.058) |
Abbreviations: BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; CBR, canal bone ratio; LCS, lumbar canal stenosis; LDS, lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis; YAM, young adult mean.
Note: Lower values of the 2 measured BMD sites signified “low T score” and “low YAM BMD.”