Characteristics of the subjects in the present study (N = 51).(Table 2)
| Characteristic | Value |
| Age, y | 70.6 (11.7) |
| Sex, men/women, n | 28/23 |
| Height, cm, mean (SD) | 159.8 (9.1) |
| Body weight, kg, mean (SD) | 63.9 (13.3) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 24.8 (3.7) |
| Tobacco use, n (%) | 7 (16) |
| Steroid use, n (%) | 5 (12) |
| Indications, n (%) | |
| LCS+ (LDS) | 44 (86) |
| Degenerative lumbar scoliosis | 4 (8) |
| Lumbar disc herniation | 2 (4) |
| Foraminal stenosis | 1 (2) |
| Levels treated, n (%) | |
| L1–L2 | 0 (0) |
| L2–L3 | 8 (10) |
| L3–L4 | 34 (43) |
| L4–L5 | 37 (47) |
| Overall | 79 |
| Number of levels fused, n (%) | |
| 1 level | 26 (51) |
| 2 levels | 22 (43) |
| 3 levels | 3 (6) |
| Mean (SD) | 1.5 (0.6) |
| Operation time, min, mean (SD) | 128.1 (25.6) |
| EBL, mL, mean (SD) | 92.7 (58.8) |
| LOS, d, mean (SD) | 15.5 (4.1) |
| Cage height, mm, mean (SD) | 10.3 (1.2) |
| Cage width, mm, mean (SD) | 18 (0) |
| Cage length, mm, mean (SD) | 50.8 (4.2) |
| Cage position, %, n (%) | 51.4 (11.0) |
| Cage placement, n (%) | |
| Anterior (<45%) | 21 (27) |
| Central (>45, <55%) | 23 (29) |
| Posterior (>55%) | 35 (44) |
| Cage subsidence, n (%) | 4 (8) |
| Early cage subsidence | 0 (0) |
| Delayed cage subsidence | 4 (8) |
| Transient motor weakness, n (%) | 4 (8) |
| Thigh pain and/or numbness, n (%) | 6 (12) |
| Revision surgery, n (%) | 4 (8) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; EBL, estimated blood loss; LCS, lumbar canal stenosis; LDS, lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis; LOS, length of stay.