Demographics and clinical characteristics of PLF patients with NSAIDs use ≤ 72 h, 72 h to 90 d, or 90 d to 1 y after surgery.
| Variable | NSAIDs ≤72 h | |||||
| Before IPTW | After IPTW | |||||
| Control | Intervention | SMD | Control | Intervention | SMD | |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 52.01 (9.32) | 52.00 (9.32) | 0.063 | 52.01 (9.32) | 51.42 (9.52) | 0.010 |
| Gender, woman, n (%) | 25,844 (54.12%) | 26,340 (54.17%) | 0.054 | 25,844 (54.12%) | 496 (56.82%) | 0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| CHF | 1612 (3.38%) | 1636 (3.36%) | 0.035 | 1612 (3.38%) | 24 (2.75%) | 0.008 |
| Diabetes | 10,372 (21.72%) | 10,572 (21.74%) | 0.029 | 10,372 (21.72%) | 200 (22.91%) | 0.001 |
| CPD | 6967 (14.59%) | 7102 (14.61%) | 0.025 | 6967 (14.59%) | 135 (15.46%) | 0.009 |
| Tumors | 93 (0.19%) | 98 (0.20%) | 0.084 | 93 (0.19%) | <11 | 0.001 |
| PVD | 2418 (5.06%) | 2448 (5.03%) | 0.074 | 2418 (5.06%) | 30 (3.44%) | 0.004 |
| PUD | 211 (0.44%) | 214 (0.44%) | 0.015 | 211 (0.44%) | <11 | 0.002 |
| Stroke | 697 (1.46%) | 708 (1.46%) | 0.017 | 697 (1.46%) | 11 (1.26%) | 0.002 |
| Renal disease | 567 (1.19%) | 574 (1.18%) | 0.036 | 567 (1.19%) | <11 | 0.003 |
| Dementia | 34 (0.07%) | 37 (0.08%) | 0.099 | 34 (0.07%) | <11 | 0.003 |
| Liver disease | 2552 (5.34%) | 2605 (5.36%) | 0.032 | 2552 (5.34%) | 53 (6.07%) | 0.005 |
| Paralysis | 452 (0.95%) | 468 (0.96%) | 0.091 | 452 (0.95%) | 16 (1.83%) | 0.004 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 2637 (5.52%) | 2722 (5.60%) | 0.183 | 2637 (5.52%) | 85 (9.74%) | 0.002 |
| HIV | 32 (0.07%) | 34 (0.07%) | 0.061 | 32 (0.07%) | <11 | 0.001 |
| MI | 146 (0.31%) | 148 (0.30%) | 0.014 | 146 (0.31%) | <11 | 0.004 |
| Variable | NSAIDs 72 h to 90 d | |||||
| Before IPTW | After IPTW | |||||
| Control | Intervention | SMD | Control | Intervention | SMD | |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 52.01 (9.32) | 52.31 (9.15) | 0.178 | 52.01 (9.32) | 53.64 (8.20) | 0.008 |
| Gender, woman, n (%) | 25,844 (54.12%) | 32,247 (55.33%) | 0.135 | 25,844 (54.12%) | 6403 (60.83%) | 0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| CHF | 1612 (3.38%) | 1988 (3.41%) | 0.011 | 1612 (3.38%) | 376 (3.57%) | 0.005 |
| Diabetes | 10,372 (21.72%) | 13,061 (22.41%) | 0.092 | 10,372 (21.72%) | 2689 (25.55%) | 0.005 |
| CPD | 6967 (14.59%) | 8792 (15.09%) | 0.077 | 6967 (14.59%) | 1825 (17.34%) | 0.004 |
| Tumors | 93 (0.19%) | 106 (0.18%) | 0.017 | 93 (0.19%) | 13 (0.12%) | 0.000 |
| PVD | 2418 (5.06%) | 3022 (5.19%) | 0.030 | 2418 (5.06%) | 604 (5.74%) | 0.000 |
| PUD | 211 (0.44%) | 269 (0.46%) | 0.016 | 211 (0.44%) | 58 (0.55%) | 0.005 |
| Stroke | 697 (1.46%) | 853 (1.46%) | 0.002 | 697 (1.46%) | 156 (1.48%) | 0.004 |
| Renal disease | 567 (1.19%) | 632 (1.08%) | 0.055 | 567 (1.19%) | 65 (0.62%) | 0.012 |
| Dementia | 34 (0.07%) | 42 (0.07%) | 0.002 | 34 (0.07%) | <11 | 0.004 |
| Liver disease | 2552 (5.34%) | 3198 (5.49%) | 0.035 | 2552 (5.34%) | 646 (6.14%) | 0.004 |
| Paralysis | 452 (0.95%) | 588 (1.01%) | 0.035 | 452 (0.95%) | 136 (1.29%) | 0.000 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 2637 (5.52%) | 3738 (6.41%) | 0.202 | 2637 (5.52%) | 1101 (10.46%) | 0.001 |
| HIV | 32 (0.07%) | 42 (0.07%) | 0.010 | 32 (0.07%) | <11 | 0.003 |
| MI | 146 (0.31%) | 187 (0.32%) | 0.015 | 146 (0.31%) | 41 (0.39%) | 0.005 |
| Variable | NSAIDs 90 d to 1 y | |||||
| Before IPTW | After IPTW | |||||
| Control | Intervention | SMD | Control | Intervention | SMD | |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 52.01 (9.32) | 52.04 (9.25) | 0.016 | 52.01 (9.32) | 52.16 (9.00) | 0.002 |
| Gender, man, n (%) | 25,844 (54.12%) | 34,125 (55.59%) | 0.133 | 25,844 (54.12%) | 8281 (60.74%) | 0.000 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| CHF | 1612 (3.38%) | 2062 (3.36%) | 0.004 | 1612 (3.38%) | 450 (3.30%) | 0.000 |
| Diabetes | 10,372 (21.72%) | 13,333 (21.72%) | 0.000 | 10,372 (21.72%) | 2961 (21.72%) | 0.001 |
| CPD | 6967 (14.59%) | 9219 (15.02%) | 0.054 | 6967 (14.59%) | 2252 (16.52%) | 0.001 |
| Tumors | 93 (0.19%) | 112 (0.18%) | 0.013 | 93 (0.19%) | 19 (0.14%) | 0.000 |
| PVD | 2418 (5.06%) | 3142 (5.12%) | 0.011 | 2418 (5.06%) | 724 (5.31%) | 0.001 |
| PUD | 211 (0.44%) | 281 (0.46%) | 0.011 | 211 (0.44%) | 70 (0.51%) | 0.000 |
| Stroke | 697 (1.46%) | 877 (1.43%) | 0.012 | 697 (1.46%) | 180 (1.32%) | 0.001 |
| Renal disease | 567 (1.19%) | 675 (1.10%) | 0.038 | 567 (1.19%) | 108 (0.79%) | 0.002 |
| Dementia | 34 (0.07%) | 47 (0.08%) | 0.009 | 34 (0.07%) | 13 (0.10%) | 0.000 |
| Liver disease | 2552 (5.34%) | 3404 (5.55%) | 0.040 | 2552 (5.34%) | 852 (6.25%) | 0.000 |
| Paralysis | 452 (0.95%) | 564 (0.92%) | 0.013 | 452 (0.95%) | 112 (0.82%) | 0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 2637 (5.52%) | 3725 (6.07%) | 0.103 | 2637 (5.52%) | 1088 (7.98%) | 0.001 |
| HIV | 32 (0.07%) | 45 (0.07%) | 0.010 | 32 (0.07%) | 13 (0.10%) | 0.000 |
| MI | 146 (0.31%) | 180 (0.29%) | 0.010 | 146 (0.31%) | 34 (0.25%) | 0.001 |
Abbreviations: CHF, congestive heart failure; CPD, chronic pulmonary disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IPTW, inverse probability of treatment weighting; MI, myocardial infarction; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PLF, posterior lumbar fusion; PUD, peptic ulcer disease; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; SMD, standardized mean difference.
Note: Cells with fewer than 11 patients were not reported or inferred per the data use agreement.