Demographics of patients who received NSAIDs after uncomplicated, single-level PLF surgery at 3 different time windows.
| Variable | NSAIDs <72 h | |||||
| Before IPTW | After IPTW | |||||
| Control | Intervention | SMD | Control | Intervention | SMD | |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 51.57 (9.31) | 51.57 (9.31) | 0.039 | 51.57 (9.31) | 51.21 (9.28) | 0.013 |
| Gender, woman, n (%) | 15,187 (56.04%) | 15,513 (56.12%) | 0.083 | 15,187 (56.04%) | 326 (60.15%) | 0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| CHF | 884 (3.26%) | 897 (3.24%) | 0.049 | 884 (3.26%) | 13 (2.40%) | 0.000 |
| Diabetes | 5594 (20.64%) | 5712 (20.66%) | 0.028 | 5594 (20.64%) | 118 (21.77%) | 0.021 |
| CPD | 3907 (14.42%) | 3988 (14.43%) | 0.015 | 3907 (14.42%) | 81 (14.94%) | 0.015 |
| Tumors | 24 (0.09%) | 28 (0.10%) | 0.204 | 24 (0.09%) | 14 (0.74%) | 0.000 |
| PVD | 1338 (4.94%) | 1355 (4.90%) | 0.083 | 1338 (4.94%) | 17 (3.14%) | 0.013 |
| PUD | 132 (0.49%) | 132 (0.48%) | 0.071 | 132 (0.49%) | 11 (0.06%) | 0.070 |
| Stroke | 382 (1.41%) | 390 (1.41%) | 0.006 | 382 (1.41%) | 18 (1.48%) | 0.007 |
| Renal disease | 287 (1.06%) | 288 (1.04%) | 0.086 | 287 (1.06%) | 11 (0.18%) | 0.012 |
| Dementia | 21 (0.08%) | 23 (0.08%) | 0.101 | 21 (0.08%) | 12 (0.37%) | 0.012 |
| Liver disease | 1422 (5.25%) | 1456 (5.27%) | 0.046 | 1422 (5.25%) | 34 (6.27%) | 0.002 |
| Paralysis | 199 (0.73%) | 208 (0.75%) | 0.107 | 199 (0.73%) | 19 (1.66%) | 0.006 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1463 (5.40%) | 1519 (5.50%) | 0.217 | 1463 (5.40%) | 56 (10.33%) | 0.012 |
| HIV | 15 (0.06%) | 17 (0.06%) | 0.127 | 15 (0.06%) | 12 (0.37%) | 0.000 |
| MI | 77 (0.28%) | 78 (0.28%) | 0.019 | 77 (0.28%) | 11 (0.18%) | 0.007 |
| Variable | NSAIDs 72 h to 90 d | |||||
| Before IPTW | After IPTW | |||||
| Control | Intervention | SMD | Control | Intervention | SMD | |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 51.57 (9.31) | 51.84 (9.15) | 0.167 | 51.57 (9.31) | 53.10 (8.25) | 0.009 |
| Gender, woman, n (%) | 15,187 (56.04%) | 18,829 (57.19%) | 0.131 | 15,187 (56.04%) | 3642 (62.55%) | 0.003 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| CHF | 884 (3.26%) | 1073 (3.26%) | 0.001 | 884 (3.26%) | 189 (3.25%) | 0.005 |
| Diabetes | 5594 (20.64%) | 7031 (21.36%) | 0.098 | 5594 (20.64%) | 1437 (24.68%) | 0.005 |
| CPD | 3907 (14.42%) | 4921 (14.95%) | 0.084 | 3907 (14.42%) | 1014 (17.41%) | 0.001 |
| Tumors | 24 (0.09%) | 29 (0.09%) | 0.001 | 24 (0.09%) | 24 (0.09%) | 0.002 |
| PVD | 1338 (4.94%) | 1672 (5.08%) | 0.036 | 1338 (4.94%) | 334 (5.74%) | 0.001 |
| PUD | 132 (0.49%) | 165 (0.50%) | 0.011 | 132 (0.49%) | 33 (0.57%) | 0.002 |
| Stroke | 382 (1.41%) | 463 (1.41%) | 0.002 | 382 (1.41%) | 81 (1.39%) | 0.000 |
| Renal disease | 287 (1.06%) | 319 (0.97%) | 0.052 | 287 (1.06%) | 32 (0.55%) | 0.013 |
| Dementia | 21 (0.08%) | 27 (0.08%) | 0.009 | 21 (0.08%) | 21 (0.08%) | 0.005 |
| Liver disease | 1422 (5.25%) | 1768 (5.37%) | 0.031 | 1422 (5.25%) | 346 (5.94%) | 0.007 |
| Paralysis | 199 (0.73%) | 268 (0.81%) | 0.050 | 199 (0.73%) | 69 (1.18%) | 0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1463 (5.40%) | 2062 (6.26%) | 0.202 | 1463 (5.40%) | 599 (10.29%) | 0.001 |
| HIV | 15 (0.06%) | 20 (0.06%) | 0.012 | 15 (0.06%) | 15 (0.06%) | 0.003 |
| MI | 77 (0.28%) | 103 (0.31%) | 0.029 | 77 (0.28%) | 26 (0.45%) | 0.005 |
| Variable | NSAIDs 90 d to 1 y | |||||
| Before IPTW | After IPTW | |||||
| Control | Intervention | SMD | Control | Intervention | SMD | |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 51.57 (9.31) | 51.53 (9.28) | 0.021 | 51.57 (9.31) | 51.37 (9.19) | 0.001 |
| Gender, man, n (%) | 15,187 (56.04%) | 19,989 (57.40%) | 0.124 | 15,187 (56.04%) | 4802 (62.16%) | 0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| CHF | 884 (3.26%) | 1137 (3.26%) | 0.001 | 884 (3.26%) | 253 (3.28%) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes | 5594 (20.64%) | 7191 (20.65%) | 0.001 | 5594 (20.64%) | 1597 (20.67%) | 0.002 |
| CPD | 3907 (14.42%) | 5251 (15.08%) | 0.083 | 3907 (14.42%) | 1344 (17.40%) | 0.000 |
| Tumors | 24 (0.09%) | 30 (0.09%) | 0.004 | 24 (0.09%) | 24 (0.09%) | 0.002 |
| PVD | 1338 (4.94%) | 1724 (4.95%) | 0.003 | 1338 (4.94%) | 386 (5.00%) | 0.002 |
| PUD | 132 (0.49%) | 174 (0.50%) | 0.008 | 132 (0.49%) | 42 (0.54%) | 0.000 |
| Stroke | 382 (1.41%) | 481 (1.38%) | 0.011 | 382 (1.41%) | 99 (1.28%) | 0.001 |
| Renal disease | 287 (1.06%) | 348 (1.00%) | 0.027 | 287 (1.06%) | 61 (0.79%) | 0.004 |
| Dementia | 21 (0.08%) | 31 (0.09%) | 0.017 | 21 (0.08%) | 11 (0.13%) | 0.000 |
| Liver disease | 1422 (5.25%) | 1917 (5.50%) | 0.051 | 1422 (5.25%) | 495 (6.41%) | 0.000 |
| Paralysis | 199 (0.73%) | 249 (0.71%) | 0.010 | 199 (0.73%) | 50 (0.65%) | 0.002 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1463 (5.40%) | 2075 (5.96%) | 0.107 | 1463 (5.40%) | 612 (7.92%) | 0.002 |
| HIV | 15 (0.06%) | 21 (0.06%) | 0.009 | 15 (0.06%) | 15 (0.06%) | 0.000 |
| MI | 77 (0.28%) | 99 (0.28%) | 0.000 | 77 (0.28%) | 22 (0.28%) | 0.002 |
Abbreviations: CHF, congestive heart failure; CPD, chronic pulmonary disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IPTW, inverse probability of treatment weighting; MI, myocardial infarction; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PLF, posterior lumbar fusion; PUD, peptic ulcer disease; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; SMD, standardized mean difference.
Note: Cells with less than 11 patients were not reported or inferred per the data use agreement.