Patient demographic and operative characteristics (N = 46).
| Characteristic | n (%) |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 56 (13.5) |
| Sex | |
| Woman | 23 (50) |
| Man | 23 (50) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 28.3 (4.9) |
| Diabetes | 5 (11) |
| Smoking status | |
| Never smoker | 29 (63) |
| Former smoker | 13 (28) |
| Current smoker | 3 (7) |
| Unknown | 1 (2) |
| Surgical indication | |
| Spondylolisthesis | 27 (59) |
| Spondylosis | 45 (98) |
| Stenosis | 44 (96) |
| Spinal deformity | 8 (17) |
| Prior surgery at L5–S1 | |
| Any | 13 (28) |
| Prior hemilaminotomy at L5–S1 | 4 (9) |
| Prior hemilaminotomy and microdiscectomy at L5–S1 | 9 (20) |
| ALIF | |
| Standalone | 24 (52) |
| With posterior instrumentation | 22 (48) |
Abbreviations: ALIF, anterior lumbar interbody fusion; BMI, body mass index.