Material Properties Assigned to Various Spinal Components in the Finite Element Model13–16
| Young's Modulus (MPa) | Poisson's Ratio | |
|---|---|---|
| Cortical bone | 12000.0 | 0.3 |
| Cancellous bone | 100.0 | 0.2 |
| Posterior bone | 3500.0 | 0.25 |
| Annulus (ground) | 4.2 | 0.45 |
| Annulus (fiber) | 175.0 | … |
| Nucleus pulposus | 1.0 | 0.499 |
| Anterior ligament | 7.8 (<12%), 20.0 (>12%) | 0.3 |
| Posterior ligament | 10.0 (<11%), 20.0 (>11%) | 0.3 |
| Ligamentum flavum | 15.0 (<6.2%), 19.5 (>6.2%) | 0.3 |
| Transverse ligament | 10.0 (<18%), 58.7 (>18%) | 0.3 |
| Capsular ligament | 7.5 (<25%), 32.9 (>25%) | 0.3 |
| Interspinous ligament | 10.0 (<14%), 11.6 (>14%) | 0.3 |
| Supraspinous ligament | 8.0 (<20%), 15.0 (>20%) | 0.3 |