Importance Childhood obesity is an important public health problem with increasing
prevalence. Because treatment often has limited success, new approaches must be identified. …

Fossil records showing trephination in the Stone Age provide evidence that humans have
sought to influence the mind through physical means since before the historical record. …

Background Surgical revascularization for adults with moyamoya disease (MD) includes
direct, indirect, or combination bypasses. It is unclear which provides the best outcomes. We …

OBJECT Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) occurs and recurs in the absence of neurovascular
compression (NVC). While microvascular decompression (MVD) is the most effective treatment …

OBJECTIVE Adjacent-segment disease (ASD) requiring operative intervention is a relatively
common long-term consequence of lumbar fusion surgery. Although the incidence of ASD …

OBJECT Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) occurs and recurs in the absence of neurovascular
compression (NVC). To characterize what may be distinct patient populations, the authors …

Study Design. Literature review. Objective. To review the literature evaluating the role of
minimally invasive (MIS) techniques in the operative treatment of adult spinal deformity (ASD). …

Evidence is mounting that patient morbidity and mortality rates decrease when high-volume
physicians and centers perform certain medical or surgical procedures (Tables 1 and 2). …

Noscapine is a phthalide isoquinoline alkaloid that easily traverses the blood brain barrier
and has been used for years as an antitussive agent with high safety. Despite binding opioid …

Introduction Interbody fusion is commonly utilized for arthrodesis and stability among patients
undergoing spine surgery. Over the last few decades, interbody device materials, such as …