Bone formation via intramembranous and endochondral ossification is necessary for
successful healing after a wide range of bone injuries. The pleiotropic cytokine, vascular …

OBJECTIVE Despite tremendous advancements in biomedical science and surgical technique,
spine surgeries are still associated with considerable rates of morbidity and mortality, …

Objective There is increasing interest in performing awake spinal fusion under spinal anesthesia
(SA). Evidence supporting SA has been positive, albeit limited. The authors set out to …

OBJECTIVE The traditional freehand placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD) relies
on empirical craniometric landmarks to guide the craniostomy and subsequent passage of …

Background Annually, hundreds of thousands of patients undergo surgery for degenerative
spine disease (DSD). This represents only a fraction of patients that present for surgical …

OBJECTIVE The authors sought to analyze the current literature to determine dimensional
trends across the lumbar levels of Kambin’s triangle, clarify the role of imaging techniques for …

BACKGROUND: For percutaneous lumbar fusion (percLIF), magnetic resonance imaging and
computed tomography are critical to defining surgical corridors. Currently, these scans are …

Surgical techniques and technology are steadily improving, thereby expanding the pool of
patients amenable for spine surgery. The growing and aging population in the United States …

Background There has been heightened interest in performing percutaneous lumbar interbody
fusions (percLIFs) through Kambin’s triangle, an anatomic corridor allowing entrance into …

Nonunion is defined as the permanent failure of a fractured bone to heal, often necessitating
surgical intervention. Atrophic nonunions are a subtype that are particularly difficult to treat. …